ACCOUNTING

RESEARCH
S.Y. 2019-2020-2
SESSION 01
SS01: Introduction to Business and
Management Research
DEFINING “RESEARCH”
FAKE
Ways in which the term is used
wrongly:
◦ just collecting facts or information
with no clear purpose;
◦ reassembling and reordering facts
or information without
interpretation;
◦ as an esoteric activity with no or
little relevance to everyday life;
◦ as a term to get your product or
idea noticed and respected.
DEFINING “RESEARCH”
FACT
Research as a process that people
undertake in a systematic way in
order to find out things, thereby
increasing their knowledge.
characteristics:
◦ Data are collected systematically.
◦ Data are interpreted
systematically.
◦ There is a clear purpose: to find
things out.
(Saunders, 2016, p. 5)
SS01: Introduction to Business and
Management Research
IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH IN BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT

◦ Research should complete a virtuous circle of theory and practice (Tranfield and
Starkey 1998) through which research on managerial practice informs practically
derived theory.
◦ This in turn becomes a blueprint for managerial practice, thereby increasing the
stock of relevant and practical management knowledge.
◦ Thus, business and management research needs to engage with both the world of
theory and the world of practice.

(Saunders, 2016, p. 6)
SS01: Introduction to Business and
Management Research
POPULARIST PRAGMATIC
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE

SCIENCE SCIENCE
HIGH

RELEVANCE GAP
OF MANAGERIAL
KNOWLEDGE
LOW

PEDANTIC
PUERILE SCIENCE
SCIENCE

LOW THEORETICAL AND HIGH

METHODOLOGICAL RIGOUR
SS01: Introduction to Business and
Management Research
SS01: Introduction to Business and
Management Research
SS01: Introduction to Business and
Management Research
Business research, Purpose of business research,
◦ is a systematic inquiry that provides ◦ To identify and define opportunities
information to guide managerial
and problems.
decisions
◦ it is a process of planning, acquiring, ◦ To define, monitor, and refine
analyzing, and disseminating relevant strategies.
data, information, and insights to ◦ To define, monitor, and refine tactics.
decision makers in ways that mobilize
the organization to take appropriate ◦ To improve our understanding of the
actions that, in turn, maximize various fields of management.
performance.
(Cooper, 2014, p. 10)
(Cooper, 2014, p. 4)
SS01: Introduction to Business and
Management Research
SS01: Introduction to Business and
Management Research
WHAT IS GOOD RESEARCH?
◦ Good research follows the
standards of the scientific
method:
◦ systematic, empirically based
procedures for generating
replicable research.
(Cooper, 2014, p. 15)
Managerial dimensions of scientific
method:
◦ Purpose clearly defined.
◦ Research process detailed.
◦ Research design thoroughly
planned.
◦ To improve our understanding of
the various fields of management.
(Cooper, 2014, p. 10)
 SS01: Introduction to Business and
Management Research

MANAGERIAL
DIMENSIONS
OF SCIENTIFIC
METHOD
 SS01: Introduction to Business and
Management Research

MANAGERIAL
DIMENSIONS
OF SCIENTIFIC
METHOD
SS01: Introduction to Business and
Management Research
THE HALLMARKS OF SCIENTIFIC THE HALLMARKS OF SCIENTIFIC
RESEARCH RESEARCH
◦ 1. Purposiveness. ◦ 5. Precision and confidence.
◦ 2. Rigor. ◦ 6. Objectivity.
◦ 3. Testability. ◦ 7. Generalizability.
◦ 4. Replicability. ◦ 8. Parsimony.
(Sekaran, 2014, p. 19-22)
SS01: Introduction to Business and
Management Research
THE HALLMARKS OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH
◦ 1. Purposiveness.
◦ the research has a definite aim or purpose.
◦ 2. Rigor.
◦ Rigor connotes carefulness, scrupulousness, and the degree of
exactitude in research investigations.
◦ 3. Testability.
◦ Scientific research thus lends itself to testing logically developed
hypotheses to see whether or not the data support the educated
conjectures or hypotheses that are developed after a careful study of
the problem situation.
(Sekaran, 2014, p. 19-22)
 SS01: Introduction to Business and
Management Research
THE HALLMARKS OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH
◦ 4. Replicability.
◦ Replicability is the extent to which a re‐study is made possible by the provision of
the design details of the study in the research report.
◦ 5. Precision and confidence.
◦ Precision refers to the closeness of the findings to “reality” based on a sample
◦ Confidence refers to the probability that our estimations are correct.
◦ 6. Objectivity.
◦ The conclusions drawn through the interpretation of the results of data analysis
should be based on the facts of the findings derived from actual data, and not
on our own subjective or emotional values.
(Sekaran, 2014, p. 19-22)
SS01: Introduction to Business and
Management Research
THE HALLMARKS OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH
◦ 7. Generalizability.
◦ Generalizability refers to the scope of applicability of the research
findings in one organizational setting to other settings. Obviously, the
wider the range of applicability of the solutions generated by
research, the more useful the research is to the users.
◦ 8. Parsimony.
◦ Parsimony can be introduced with a good understanding of the
problem and the important factors that influence it.
(Sekaran, 2014, p. 19-22)
 SS01: Introduction to Business and
Management Research
THE HYPOTHETICO DEDUCTIVE METHOD
◦ Popularized by the Austrian philosopher Karl Popper, is a typical version of the
scientific method.
◦ The seven-step process
◦ 1. Identify a broad problem area.
◦ 2. Define the problem statement.
◦ 3. Develop hypotheses.
◦ 4. Determine measures.
◦ 5. Data collection.
◦ 6. Data analysis.
◦ 7. Interpretation of data.
(Sekaran, 2014, p. 23)
SS01: Introduction to Business and
Management Research
THE HYPOTHETICO-DEDUCTIVE METHOD
◦ The scientific method uses deductive reasoning to test a theory.
◦ a theory is an organized set of assumptions that generates testable
predictions about a topic of interest.
◦ In deductive reasoning, we work from the more general to the more
specific.
◦ Inductive reasoning works in the opposite direction: it is a process
where we observe specific phenomena and on this basis arrive at
general conclusions.
(Sekaran, 2014, p. 26)
 SS01: Introduction to Business and
Management Research
SOME COMMONLY RESEARCHED AREAS IN BUSINESS

1. Employee behaviors such as performance, absenteeism, and turnover.

2. Employee attitudes such as job satisfaction, loyalty, and organizational commitment.
3. Supervisory performance, managerial leadership style, and performance appraisal
systems.
4. Employee selection, recruitment, training, and retention.
5. Validation of performance appraisal systems.
 SS01: Introduction to Business and
Management Research
SOME COMMONLY RESEARCHED AREAS IN BUSINESS

6. Updating policies and procedures in keeping with latest government regulations and
organizational changes.
7. Organizational outcomes such as increased sales, market share, profits, growth, and
effectiveness.
8. Consumer decision making.
9. Customer relationship management.
10. Consumer satisfaction, complaints, customer loyalty, and word‐of‐mouth
communication.
 SS01: Introduction to Business and
Management Research
SOME COMMONLY
RESEARCHED AREAS IN BUSINESS
11. Financial reporting.
12. Cash flow accounting.
13. Accounting standards.
14. Outsourcing of accounting.
15. Sustainability reporting.
SOME COMMONLY
RESEARCHED AREAS IN BUSINESS
16. Corporate governance.
17. Development of effective cost accounting
procedures.
18. Installation of effective management
information systems.
19. Advanced manufacturing technologies
and information systems.
20. Auditor behavior.
References: Saunders, M., Lewis, P., and Thornhill, A. (2016).
Research methods for business students, (7th ed.).
Singapore: Pearson Education South Asia Pte. Ltd.
Cooper, D. and P. Schindler. (2014). Business
Research Methods, (12th ed.). New York, NY:
McGraw-Hill.
Sekaran, U. and Bougie, R. (2016). Research
methods for business: a skill building approach, (7th
ed.). New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
 THANK YOU

MOSES G. MANALANG, CPA, MBA

mmanalang@feucavite.edu.ph

046 419 8500 loc 206