62323: Architectural Structures II

Design of Beam-Columns

Monther Dwaikat
Assistant Professor
Department of Building Engineering
An-Najah National University

68402 Slide # 1
Beam-Column - Outline

 Beam-Columns
 Moment Amplification Analysis
 Braced and Unbraced Frames
 Analysis/Design of Braced Frames
 Design of Base Plates

68402 Slide # 2
Design for Flexure – LRFD Spec.
 Commonly Used Sections:
• I – shaped members (singly- and doubly-symmetric)
• Square and Rectangular or round HSS

68402 Slide # 3
Beam-Columns
Likely failure modes due to combined bending and axial forces:
• Bending and Tension: usually fail by yielding
• Bending (uniaxial) and compression: Failure by buckling in the
plane of bending, without torsion
• Bending (strong axis) and compression: Failure by LTB
• Bending (biaxial) and compression (torsionally stiff section):
Failure by buckling in one of the principal directions.
• Bending (biaxial) and compression (thin-walled section): failure by
combined twisting and bending
• Bending (biaxial) + torsion + compression: failure by combined
twisting and bending

68402 Slide # 4
Beam-Columns
 Structural elements subjected to combined flexural moments and axial
loads are called beam-columns
 The case of beam-columns usually appears in structural frames
 The code requires that the sum of the load effects be smaller than the

 Q
resistance of the elements
i i
 1.0
Rn
 Thus: a column beam interaction can be written as

Pu  M ux M uy 
    1.0
c Pn b M nx b M ny 
 This means that a column subjected to axial load and moment will be
able to carry less axial load than if no moment would exist.
68402 Slide # 5
Beam-Columns
 AISC code makes a distinct difference between lightly and heavily axial
loaded columns

Pu Pu 8  M ux M uy 
for  0.2      1.0
c Pn c Pn 9 b M nx b M ny 
AISC Equation

P Pu  M ux M uy 
for u  0.2     1.0
c Pn 2c Pn  b M nx b M ny 

AISC Equation

68402 Slide # 6
Beam-Columns
 Definitions
Pu = factored axial compression load
Pn = nominal compressive strength
Mux = factored bending moment in the x-axis, including second-order effects
Mnx = nominal moment strength in the x-axis
Muy = same as Mux except for the y-axis
Mny = same as Mnx except for the y-axis
c = Strength reduction factor for compression members = 0.90
b = Strength reduction factor for flexural members = 0.90

68402 Slide # 7
Beam-Columns
 The increase in slope for lightly axial-loaded columns represents the less
effect of axial load compared to the heavily axial-loaded columns
Unsafe Element
Pu/cPn

Safe Element

0.2
Mu/bMn

These are design charts that are a bit conservative than behaviour envelopes
68402 Slide # 8
Moment Amplification
 When a large axial load exists, the axial load produces moments due to
any element deformation.
x
P P
d
d
M

 The final moment “M” is the sum of the original moment and the
moment due to the axial load. The moment is therefore said to be
amplified.

 As the moment depends on the load and the original moment, the
problem is nonlinear and thus it is called second-order problem.
68402 Slide # 9
Braced and Unbraced Frames
 Two components of amplification moments can be observed in unbraced
frames:
 Moment due to member deflection (similar to braced frames)
 Moment due to sidesway of the structure
Unbraced Frames

Member deflection Member sidesway

68402 Slide # 10
Unbraced and Braced Frames
 In braced frames amplification moments can only happens due to
member deflection
Braced Frames

Sidesway bracing system

Member deflection

68402 Slide # 11
Unbraced and Braced Frames
 Braced frames are those frames prevented from sidesway.
 In this case the moment amplification equation can be simplified to:

M ux  B1x M ntx M uy  B1 y M nty

Cm
B1  1 AISC Equation
 Pu 
1   
 Pe 
 EAg
2

Pe 
KL / r  2
 KL/r for the axis of bending considered
 K ≤ 1.0

68402 Slide # 12
Unbraced and Braced Frames
 The coefficient Cm is used to represent the effect of end moments on the
maximum deflection along the element (only for braced frames)
 M1   When there is transverse loading on
Cm  0.6  0.4
M   the beam either of the following
 2 
case applies

M1 M1
 ve   ve Conservati vely Cm  1.00
M2 M2
68402 Slide # 13
Ex. 5.1- Beam-Columns in Braced Frames

A 3.6-m W12x96 is subjected to bending and

compressive loads in a braced frame. It is bent in
single curvature with equal and opposite end
moments and is not loaded transversely. Use Grade
50 steel. Is the section satisfactory if Pu = 3200 kN
and first-order moment Mntx = 240 kN.m

Step I: From Section Property Table

W12x96 (A = 18190 mm2, Ix = 347x106 mm4, Lp = 3.33 m, Lr
= 14.25 m, Zx = 2409 mm3, Sx = 2147 mm3)

68402 Slide # 14
Ex. 5.1- Beam-Columns in Braced Frames

Step II: Compute amplified moment

- For a braced frame let K = 1.0
KxLx = KyLy = (1.0)(3.6) = 3.6 m
- From Column Chapter: cPn = 4831 kN
Pu/cPn = 3200/4831 = 0.662 > 0.2  Use eqn.
- There is no lateral translation of the frame: Mlt = 0
 Mux = B1Mntx

Cm = 0.6 – 0.4(M1/M2) = 0.6 – 0.4(-240/240) = 1.0

Pe1 = 2EIx/(KxLx)2 = 2(200)(347x106)/(3600)2 = 52851 kN

68402 Slide # 15
Ex. 5.1- Beam-Columns in Braced Frames

Cm 1.0
B1    1.073  1.0 (OK )
P 3200
1 u 1
Pe1 52851
Mux = (1.073)(240) = 257.5 kN.m

Step III: Compute moment capacity

Since Lb = 3.6 m Lp < Lb< Lr

b M n  739 kN.m

68402 Slide # 16
Ex. 5.1- Beam-Columns in Braced
Frames

Step IV: Check combined effect

Pu 8  M ux M uy  3200 8  257.5
 
     0   0.972  1.0
c Pn 9  b M nx b M ny  4831 9  739 

 Section is satisfactory

68402 Slide # 17
Ex. 5.2- Analysis of Beam-Column
 Check the adequacy of an ASTM A992 W14x90 column
subjected to an axial force of 2200 kN and a second
order bending moment of 400 kN.m. The column is 4.2 m
long, is bending about the strong axis. Assume:
• ky = 1.0
• Lateral unbraced length of the compression flange is 4.2 m.

68402 Slide # 18
Ex. 5.2- Analysis of Beam-Column
 Step I: Compute the capacities of the beam-column
cPn = 4577 kN Mnx = 790 kN.m
Mny = 380 kN.m

 Step II: Check combined effect

Pu 2200
  0.481  0.2
c Pn 4577
Pu 8  M ux M uy  2200 8  400
 
     0   0.931  1.0
c Pn 9  b M nx b M ny  4577 9  790 
OK
68402 Slide # 19
Design of Beam-Columns
 Trial-and-error procedure
• Select trial section
• Check appropriate interaction formula.
• Repeat until section is satisfactory

68402 Slide # 20
Ex. 5.3 – Design-Beam Column
 Select a W shape of A992 steel PD = 240 kN
for the beam-column of the PL = 650 kN
following figure. This member is MD = 24.4 kN.m
ML = 66.4 kN.m
part of a braced frame and is
subjected to the service-load
axial force and bending moments
4.8 m
shown (the end shears are not
shown). Bending is about the
strong axis, and Kx = Ky = 1.0.
Lateral support is provided only at MD = 24.4 kN.m
the ends. Assume that B1 = 1.0. ML = 66.4 kN.m

68402 Slide # 21
Ex. 5.3 – Design-Beam Column
 Step I: Compute the factored axial load and bending moments
Pu = 1.2PD + 1.6PL = 1.2(240)+ 1.6(650) = 1328 kN.
Mntx = 1.2MD + 1.6ML = 1.2(24.4)+ 1.6(66.4) = 135.5 kN.m.
B1 = 1.0  Mux = B1Mntx = 1.0(135.5) = 135.5 kN.m

 Step II: compute Mnx, Pn

• The effective length for compression and the unbraced length for
bending are the same = KL = Lb = 4.8 m.
• The bending is uniform over the unbraced length , so Cb=1.0
• Try a W10X60 with Pn = 2369 kN and Mnx = 344 kN.m

68402 Slide # 22
Ex. 5.3 – Design-Beam Column
 Step III: Check interaction equation
Pu 1328
  0.56  0.2
c Pn 2369
Pu 8  M ux M uy  1328 8  135.5
 
     0   0.91  1.0 OK
c Pn 9  b M nx b M ny  2369 9  344 

 Step IV: Make sure that this is the lightest possible section.
 Try W12x58 with Pn = 2247 kN and Mnx = 386 kN.m

Pu 1328
  0.59  0.2
c Pn 2247
Pu 8  M ux M uy  1328 8  135.5
 
     0   0.90  1.0
c Pn 9  b M nx b M ny  2247 9  386 
 Use a W12 x 58 section
68402 Slide # 23
Design of Base Plates
 We are looking for design of concentrically loaded columns. These base
plates are connected using anchor bolts to concrete or masonry footings

 The column load shall spread over a large area of the bearing surface
underneath the base plate

AISC Manual Part 16, J8

68402 Slide # 24
Design of Base Plates
 The design approach presented here combines three design approaches
for light, heavy loaded, small and large concentrically loaded base plates
Area of Plate is computed such that
n
m Pp  Pu
0.8 bf B
where:
  0.6
If plate covers the area of the footing
0.95d
PP  0.85 f cA1
N
If plate covers part of the area of the footing
A2
PP  0.85 f cA1  1.7 f cA1
 The dimensions of the plate A1
are computed such that m and A1 = area of base plate
n are approximately equal. A2 = area of footing
f’c = compressive strength of concrete used
for footing
68402 Slide # 25
Design of Base Plates
Thickness of plate
m

2 Pu Pu l  max n
t pl  l  1.5 l  n '
0.9 B N Fy B NFy 

N  0.95 d B  0.8 b f 1
n '  db f 
m n
2 2 4
2 X
 4db f  Pu 
X  1 1 X
2
 ( d  b f )  c Pp

c  0.6 However  may be

conservatively taken as 1
Pp  Nominal bearing strength
68402 Slide # 26
Ex. 5.4 – Design of Base Plate
• For the column base shown
in the figure, design a base
plate if the factored load on
the column is 10000 kN.
Assume 3 m x 3 m concrete W14x211 0.95d N
footing with concrete
strength of 20 MPa.
0.8bf

68402 Slide # 27
Ex. 5.4 - Design of Base Plate
 Step I: Plate dimensions

• Assume A2
2 thus:
A1
 Pp  1.7 f cA1  Pu
0.6 1.7  20  A1  10000 103
A1  490.2 103 mm2 A2
 4.28  2
A1
• Assume m = n

N  0.95d  2m  0.95  399  2m  379  2m

B  0.8b f  2m  0.8  401  2m  321  2m
A1  NB  379  2m321  2m  490.2 103  m  175.4 mm
• N = 729.8 mm say N = 730 mm
B = 671.8 mm say B = 680 mm
68402 Slide # 28
Ex. 5.4 - Design of Base Plate
 Step II: Plate thickness

fp
t p  1.5( m,n ,or n' )
Fy

m  ( N  0.95d ) / 2  175.5 mm
n  ( B  0.8b f ) / 2  179.5 mm
1
n'  db f  100 mm
4

68402 Slide # 29
Ex. 5.4 - Design of Base Plate
 Selecting the largest cantilever length

10000 103
fp   20.14 MPa
680  730
20.14
treq  1.5(179.5)  76.7 mm
248

 use 730 mm x 670 mm x 80 mm Plate

68402 Slide # 30