CHEMICAL REACTIONS

AND CHEMICAL
ARITHMETIC
Group NH3 (Ammonia)
Chemical Reaction
a process that involves rearrangement of the
molecular or ionic structure of a substance, as
opposed to a change in physical form or a
nuclear reaction.
Stoichiometry
-Refers to quantitative aspects of chemical
reactions.
-Comes from the greek word “stoicheon”means
element and “metron”for measure.
Chemical Equation
Is the symbolic representation of a chemical
reaction in the form of symbols and formulas.
For example the bond between the oxygen atoms broken and
hydrogen atoms from bonds with oxygen atoms,

+
Hydrogen Oxygen Water

2H2 + O2 2H2O
Some symbols use to represent the states of
reactant and product in writing chemical
equation.
(s) a solid
(l) a liquid
(g) for the gas
(aq) for a substance dissolved in water
(+) reacts to/added to
( ) yields/ produces
For example:
The chemical equation for the reaction when solid
sodium reacts with water to yield hydrogen gas and a
solution of sodium hydrogen may he written as:

2Na(s) + 2H2O(l) H2(g) +2NaOH(aq)

The Law of Conservation of
Mass
-States that the mass of the starting reactants is equal
to the mass of the ending product.
- The number of atoms of each kind is the same on both
sides.
The representation of a chemical reaction which
gives the formulas of the reactants and those of
the products where the number of atoms of each
kind is the same on the reactant side and the
product side is called Balanced Chemical
Equation.
Some types of
Chemical
Reactions
Some types of Chemical Reactions
1. Combination Reactions
-involves the combination of two or more substances to
produce a single , more complex compound
a). Two nonmetallic elements can combine to form a
covalent compound.

N2(g) + O2(g) 2NO(g)

H2(g) + I2(g) 2HI(g)
b). A metallic element and a nonmetallic element can
react to form an ionic compoud called a salt.

Ca(s) + H2(g) CaH2(s)

2Na(s) + Cl2(g) 2NaCl(s)
c). A compound and an element or two compounds can
combine to form a new compound.
PCl3(g) + Cl2(g) PCl5(g)
SiO2(s) + Na2O(s) Na2SiO3(g)
2. Combustion
- chemical reaction accompanied by the evolution of
heat, light and/or sound. Many substances like wood,
liquified petroleum gas and magnesium react with
oxygen in air, these are example of combustion.
-The combustion of organic substantaces (carbon
containing compounds) produces carbon dioxide and
water.
Examples of combustion reactions are:
C(s) + O2(g) CO2(s)
2 Mg(s) + O2(g) 2MgO(s)
CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
CH3CH2OH(l) + 3O2(g) CO2(g) + 3H2O(l)
Combustion reactions usually involve oxygen there are some
that take place in atmospheres other than oxygen.
The reaction of hydrogen in an atmosphere of chlorine to
produce hydrogen chloride is an example.

H2(g) + Cl2(g) 2HCl(g)

3. Decomposition Reactions
- involves substances that break down
(decompose) into two or more substances. Such
reactions are easy to recognize because there is
usually one reactant and two or more products.
Examples of Decomposition reactions are:

2PbO2(s) 2Pb(s) + O2(g)

2KClO3(s) 2KCl(s) + 3O2(g)
2NaN3(s) 2Na(s) + 3N2(g)
2H2O2(s) 2H2O(l) + O2(g)
2NaHSO4(s) Na2SO4(l) + SO3(g) + H2O(l)
Balancing
Chemical
Equation
Balancing Chemical
Equation
-is an equation for a chemical reaction in which the number of
atoms for each element in the reaction and the total charge are
the same both the reactants and products. In other words, the
mass and the charge are balanced on both sides of the reaction.
Also known as
Balancing the equation,balancing the reaction, conservation of
charge and mass.
Equations may be balanced by inspection.
The procedure is done in two step:
1. Write the unbalanced equation, making sure that the
chemical formulas of all the substance involve are
correct.
2. Balance the equation by adjusting the coefficients of the
reactants and products so that the number of atoms of
each element is equal on both sides of the arrow.
For example:
Let us balance the chemical equation for the reaction of
aluminum with oxygen to yield aluminum oxide.
We first write the unbalanced chemical equation:
Al + O2 Al2O3
Then we write appropriate coefficients in front of each
chemical formula to balance the equation:
4Al + 3O2 2Al2O3
Example 6.2:
Balance the equation for the combustion of
propane C3H8

C3H8 + O2 CO2 + H2O

The Mole Concept
and Chemical
Equations
Mole
Is base unit of amount of substance in the
international System of Units, defined as
containing exactly 6.022x10 particles.
23
Let us consider the reaction of lighter fluid, butane, with oxygen
which is represented by the following chemical equation.

2C4O10 + 13O2 8CO2 +10H2O

On the molecular level, this equation indicates
reactions between individual molecules. That is,
2 molecules C4O10 + 13 molecules O2
8 molecules CO2 + 10 molecules H2O
Thus, on the mole level equation means that:

2 mol C4O10 + 13 mol O2

8 mol CO2 + 10 mol H2O
In a balanced chemical equation, the
coefficients give the ratios in moles,
molecules or atoms, by which
substances react and form new ones.
Example 6.3:
The use of hydroflouric acid HF, for etching
and frosting glass is based on the fact that it
attacks glass, SiO2 . Silicon tetraflouride and
water are products of the reaction. Calculate
the number of moles of HF that would
completely react with 2.5 moles of SiO2
In the laboratory, expressing the quantities of
substances as mass (usually in grams) is more
convenient than doing so in moles. The mass in
grams of a reactant that reacts completely with a
given mass of another, or the mass of product
formed from a given mass of a reactant may be
determined based on the balanced chemical
equation.
grams substance X

using
MM of X
using mole
moles substance X moles substance Y
ratio from
balance using
equation MM of Y

grams substance Y
Example 6.4:
Nipa vinegar, also known as Paombong vinegar or sukang puti,
is produced by the fermentation of nipa sap by yeasts and
acetic acid bacteria. The overall reaction for the conversion
of sugar(glucose) to acetic acid is:
C6 H12O6 + 2O2 2CH3COOH + 2CO2 + 2H2O
glucose acetic acid
A given volume of nipa sap contains 69.0 grams of glucose. If
all of this sugar is fermented, how many grams of acetic acid
would be produces?
Example 6.5:
Some antacids, like Alka-Seltzer, contain sodium
bicarbonate and citric acid that effervesce when
dissolved in water because carbon dioxide gas is
evolved. It is formed in the reaction:
3NaHCO3 + C6H8O7 3H2O + 3CO2 + Na3C6H5O7
citric acid
Calculate the mass in grams of sodium bicarbonate
that will react with 0.25g of citric acid.
Theoretical Yield,
Actual Yield and
Percentage Yield
Theoretical Yield, Actual
Yield and Percentage Yield
Theoritical Yield- quantity of product calculated
based on the balanced chemical equation.
Actual Yield- the mass of product isolated from the
reaction is usually less than the theoritical yield.
Percentage Yield- calculated using the
equation.
Actual Yield
Percentage Yield = x 100
TheoriticalYield
Example 6.6:
Wine is produces by the fermentation of fruit sugars to
alcohol. The chemical reation is

C6 H12O6 2CH3CH2OH + 2CO2

Five kilograms of banana pulp containing 625 grams of
fructose was used in the preparation of banana wine.
What is the percentage yield if, at the end of
fermentation 218g of ethanol was produced?
Example 6.7:
Tuba is an alcoholic drink produced by the spontaneous
fermentation of sap collected from coconut infloresccene.
Yeasts convert sucrose and other sugars to alcohol. The
conservation of surface to ethanol may be represented by the
chemical equation:
C12H23O11 + H2O 4CH3CH2OH + 4CO2
Coconut sap contains 16.5 grams/100 mL C12H23O11. What
volume of sap must a tuba gatherer or manananggot collect
to produce tuba containing 598g of alcohol, CH3CH2OH, If the
efficiency of the fermentation process is 66.7 percent?
Limiting
Reactant
Limiting Reactant
Is the reactant that determines how much of
the products are made.
For example, during burning in air, oxygen is present in
excess. Consider the reation of hydrogen and
ammonia. The equation is:
N2 + 3H2 2NH3
This shows that one mole of N2 reacts with 3 moles of H2.
So the mole ratio of N2 to H2 is 1:3. If the mole ratio of these
substances were different from 1:3 one substance will be
completely consumed and the other will have some left
unreacted. For example, if the mole ratio of available N2
and H2 is 1:4, then there is an excess of 1 mole of H2.
Mole reactants available: 1 mol N2 4 mol H2

Mole reactants available: 1 mol N2 3 mol H2

Mole reactants available: 0 mol N2 1 mol H2

Example 6.8:
Deposits of sulfur in volcanic regions are thought to have
resulted from the reaction of H2S and SO2. Both are
constituents of volcanicc gases. The reaction is
2H2S + SO2 2H2O + 3S
Gases in a mixture containing 13.6g H2S and 28.83g SO2 are
allowed to react.
a) Which is the limiting reactant?
b) How many grams of sulfur would be formed based on the
amount of the limiting reactant in this mixture?
c) How many grams of the excess reactant will remain?
THANK YOU