BATTERY HEALTH

PARAMETRS
 BATTERY VOLTAGE
• The Open Circuit Voltage (OCV) and Internal Resistance of the Battery
changes with respect to State of Charge (SoC)
• The change in concentration of reactants and corrosion of the
electrodes are the reasons for these effects. A simple model,
 CHARGE CAPACITY
• It is a measure of how much electric charge a Battery can supply. For
example 10Ah means it can provide 1A for 10 hours.
• But this doesn’t mean that it can provide 10A for 1 hour since higher
discharge rate leads to UNWANTED SIDE reactions.
• Hence this means that Higher discharge rate leads to a decreased
charge capacity for a Battery
• Hence, capacity is usually measured for 5 hour discharge for Lead-
acid battery and 2 hour discharge for Lithium-ion battery
• The letter “C” magnitude-wise represents the capacity but it is used
to denote the discharge current of the battery
 SPECIFIC ENERGY AND POWER
• Specific Energy- The amount of Electrical Energy stored in every
kilogram of the Battery(Wh/Kg)
• Specific Power- The amount of Power obtainer per kilogram of the
Battery(W/Kg), but also depends on the load
• Ragone plots are used to compare these energy sources and also a
single Battery can be used with multiple specific power by
appropriate manufacturing
 BATTERY MAINTANENCE
• Charge Equalization- In a particular battery not all the cells have the
same self discharge rate due to asymmetry in the manufacture and
environmental issues. Hence, a cell can easily become flat before any
other cell which is a DANGER situation
• Hence, we periodically ensure that all the cells are fully charged upon
charging. So now comes the other issue
• Overcharging- Previously we saw that every cell of a battery should
be completely charged. Hence some of the cells should be
overcharged to accomplish this. But overcharging at a higher rate is
very much Danger due to some vigorous GASSING reactions
• Hence we try charging it slowly when the battery is nearly 100%
charged
• Sulfation- If a partially charged battery is left isolated for 2 weeks,
then the PbSO4 on the electrode starts to crystallize and are hard to
convert back to sulfuric acid while charging. Hence battery should not
be left uncharged for long time
 • We are trying to estimate the Open
Circuit Voltage(OCV) as a function of
OCV AND SoC State of Charge(SoC) when the
battery is loaded
• But in this link it is given the battery
should be isolated for 4 hours in
order to get the SoC itself,
https://batteryuniversity.com/learn/
article/how_to_measure_state_of_c
harge
• Any idea of getting both
independently
• For capacity I’m unable to
understand the experiment given,
https://batteryuniversity.com/learn/
article/how_to_measure_capacity
 BATTERY
• Our 48v lithium battery,
 DOUBTS
• Can we measure the real time Internal resistance of the battery when
it is loaded as a function of SoC
• Is it possible to find and display the voltage across each cell so that
we could find whether a cell is in a completely discharged state
• How will the hall sensor output look like(Square wave or something
else) and what would be its magnitude(5v or 1v or something else)
 VERIFICATION
• I’m estimating the power input of the battery by just measuring the
voltage across its terminal and multiplying it with the current output
and displaying it
• All these measurements are taken care by the Arduino
• Is the estimation good enough or any correction to be followed?
• Also I tried to find the OCV by E-IR=V equation, is it correct?
 REFERENCES
• “ELECTRIC VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY EXPLAINED” by James Larminie
and John Lowry
• https://batteryuniversity.com/learn/article/how_to_measure_state_o
f_charge
• https://batteryuniversity.com/learn/article/how_to_measure_interna
l_resistance
• https://www.nxp.com/docs/en/application-note/AN4058.pdf
• https://batteryuniversity.com/learn/article/how_to_measure_capacit
y
THANK YOU!!!