Objective:

Recognize and use language

appropriate for standard written English
especially in the use of the following:

1.Subject-Verb Agreement
2.Preposition/prepositional phrase
3.Participial phrase
4.Conjunction
5. Adverbial phrase
Pre-Test:
Answer the 20-item
pre-test as fast as you
can.
 Subject-Verb
Subject-Verb Agreement
Agreement

Do I need an Or should I
s at the end leave the s
of the verb? off?
 This presentation
covers maintaining
agreement
between
subjects and
verbs.
A
A subject-verb
subject-verb
agreement
agreement item
item on on an
an
objective
objective test
test might
might
look
look like
like this
this .. .. ..
 Sample
Sample Item
Item
TheThe
foods
foodsthat
that
provide
providegood
goodnutrition
nutritionisis
A B
often
often
thethe
least
least
tasty;
tasty;
a hamburger
a hamburger and
andfries,
fries,

ononthethe
other
other
hand,
hand,satisfy
satisfythe
thetongue
tonguebut
but
C
clog
clog
thethe
arteries.
arteries.
Does
Does
Is
Is needs
needs to to be
be
disagreement
disagreement
the plural are
plural
thehappen are ,,
A.provides
A.provides happen at
which
which option
at
option B
B
provide , is
provide, is, or , or
B.are
B.are fixes.
fixes.
satisfy
satisfy??
C.satisfies
C.satisfies
D.No
D.Nochange
change
is necessary.
is necessary.
Agreement
Agreement in
in a
a Nutshell
Nutshell

The elephant
trumpets for a peanut.
elephant = singular subject
trumpets = singular verb

The elephants
trumpet for peanuts.
elephants = plural subject
trumpet = plural verb
 In the present
tense, singular
verbs end in the suffix
s; plural verbs do
not.
Two
Two [or
[or more]
more] singular
singular nouns
nouns
joined by and
joined by and make a plural
make a plural
subject.
subject.

The chicken wing and pork rib sit

untouched on Ruth’s plate.

Because there’s no s
at the end of sit, you
know it’s a plural
verb.
When each
When or every
each or every precedes
precedes two
two
[or
[or more]
more] singular
singular nouns
nouns joined
joined by
by
and
and,, you
you have
have aa singular
singular subject.
subject.

Every chicken wing and pork rib sits

untouched on Ruth’s plate.

Because there is an s at the

end of sit, you know it’s a
singular verb.
In
In this
this situation,
situation, no matter how
no matter how many
many
singular
singular nouns
nouns youyou join with and
join with and,, the
the
subject is still
subject is still singular.
singular.

Every chicken wing, pork rib, slice of pepperoni pizza,

hotdog, hamburger, steak, and fried shrimp sits
untouched on Ruth’s plate.

X X X X I’m a
vegetarian!

X X
 Use
Use caution
caution with
with these
these three
three
conjunctions: either
conjunctions: either …
… or
or,, neither
neither …
…
nor and not
nor,, and not only
only …
… but
but also
also..

Not
Not only
only the
the employees buther
boss but also also their
their
boss wishes
employees
wish the wish
shift
the shift
would
thewould
endwould
shift .end. end.

you flip
IfYou’ll havethe twosubjects,
two subjects,
but onlyemployees
so that is next
the closer one — in
to the
this verb,
case then—wish
boss will!
counts
work!
These indefinite
These indefinite pronouns
pronouns are
are
always singular
always singular [even
[even when
when they
they
seem
seem plural].
plural].

 Each, either, neither

 Anyone, anybody, anything
 Everyone, everybody, everything
 No one, nobody, nothing
 Someone, somebody, something
Everyone
Everyone on on Earth
Earth ==
more
more than
than one
one person
person
—billions
— billions of
of people,
people, in
in
fact.
fact.
The word everyone
The word everyone,,
however,
however, is is still
still
singular
singular..
 Beware
Beware interrupting
interrupting phrases.
phrases.

 As well as  Including
 Along with  In addition to
 Together with  Especially

The squirrel as well as the pigeons keep an

eye on Sammy, the sneaky cat.

This sentence might

Bad
sound right, but it is
kitty!
completely wrong!
 Beware
Beware inverted
inverted word
word order.
order.

Here is the onions you need for the chili. In the

refrigerator is the jalapeño peppers you might
want to add.

Here and Cross through

there are prepositional
never the phrases to find
subjects. the real subject!
 Compound Subjects using “And”
 Most compound subjects joined by “and” are
plural
• Bert and Ernie is / are special friends
• Bert and Ernie is / are special friends (plural verb)
 Exception: If the words joined by “and” refer
to a single thing, the subject is also singular
• War and Peace is a very thick book (singular)
• My friend and co-worker is waiting to see you
(singular)
 Quick
Quick Test
Test

Directions: In the items that follow, choose

the option that corrects an error in the
underlined portion(s). If no error exists, choose
“No change is necessary.”

Show me what
you know.
 Item
Item 1
1

In the cabinet is
is the
the tools
tools that
that you
you will
will need
need to
to
A
unclog the bathroom sink; I have
have found
found that
that aa
B
plunger and a prayer often do do the
the trick.
trick.
C

A.are
B.has
C.does
D.No change is necessary.
 Item
Item 2
2
Here are
are the
the books
books that
that Thomas
Thomas and
and Darlene
Darlene
A
need for their research, and here is
is the
arethe
the
earplugs
earplugs
earplugs
BB
that you’ll require once they both doze
doze off
off in
in
C
boredom and start snoring.

A.is
B.are
C.dozes
D.No change is necessary.
 Item
Item 3
3
Jasmine and Rodney have
have decided
decided to
to double
double the
the
A
number of cupcakes that they are
are baking
baking since
since
B
everyone love
love moist
moist cake
cake and
and chocolate
chocolate frosting.
frosting.
CC

A.has
B.is
C.loves
D.No change is necessary.
 Item
Item 4
4
Not only those students but also their professor

looksforward
look
look forward
forwardto
totothe
the
thefinal
final
finalexam;
exam;
exam;everyone
everyone
everyonehas
has
has
AA BB
exciting vacation plans that start start next
next Monday.
Monday.
C

A.look
looks
B.have
C.starts
D.No change is necessary.
 Item
Item 5
5
At the pet store, each iguana, mouse, and gerbil

try to
try to climb
climb the
the walls
walls of
of its
its glass
glass cage
cage while
while
AA
humans hover
hover outside
outside like
like giant
giant predators
predators who
who are
are
B C
ready to strike.

A.tries
B.hovers
C.is
D.No change is necessary.
 Item
Item 6
6
Tyrone, as well as his cousins, hope
hope that
hopes that
thatGrandma
Grandma
Grandma
AA
brings
brings her
herfamous
famousbrownies
browniesand
andpeach
peachpie piethat
that
B
drip
drip with
with generous
generous scoops
scoops of
of vanilla
vanilla ice
ice cream.
cream.
C

A.hopes
B.bring
C.drips
D.No change is necessary.
 Item
Item 7
7

Either the dogs or the cat sleep

sleep on
sleeps on
onthe
the
thebed
bed
bedwhile
while
while
AA
everyone is
is out;
out; Lorraine
Lorraine always
always finds
findsan an
B C
indentation in the center of her comforter.

A.sleeps
B.are
C.find
D.No change is necessary.
 Item
Item 8
8
Meryl, together with her friends Beatrice and Laverne,

plan aaadaily
plans
plans daily
dailytrip
trip
tripfor
for
forice
ice
icecream,
cream,
cream,for
for
forthese
these
thesewomen
women
women
A
have discovered
have discovered that that the
the calories
calories is
is worth
are worth
worthseeing
seeing
seeing
B CC
Theo scoop their servings with his muscular arms.

A.plans
plan
B.has
C.are
D.No change is necessary.
 Item
Item 9
9
The scissors are
are sharp,
sharp, soso neither
neither the
the cousins
cousins nor
nor
A
Timmy is
is allowed
allowed to to play
play with
with them,
them, even
even when
when the
the
B
boys needs
needstoto
need tofinish
finish
finishaaaschool
school
schoolproject.
project.
project.
CC

A.is
B.are
C.need
D.No change is necessary.
 Item
Item 10
10

Each fork, spoon, and knife are

is
arescarred
scarred
scarredfrom
from
fromthe
the
the
AA
disposal since Drew refuses
refusestotocheck
checkthe
thedrain
drain
B
before he throws
throwsthe
theswitch.
switch.
C

A.is
B.refuse
C.throw
D.No change is necessary.
Additional Rules on
S-V Agreement
 Collective Nouns
 Words such as jury, committee, or herd will
be singular when everyone in the group is
acting together
• The jury is / are deciding the fate of the accused
• The jury is / are deciding the fate of the accused
 Collective nouns will be plural when the
members of the group are not acting together
• The jury is / are undecided on the guilt of the
accused
• The jury is / are undecided on the guilt of the
accused
 Words Ending in S
 Words such as economics, AIDS, physics
and news are singular
• Economics is fun and exciting
• The news is usually broadcast live
 Words such as scissors, eyeglasses and
pants that name things with two parts are
plural
• My glasses were broken when I did a face
plant
 Money and Measurement
 Units of time, money, distance, and weight
use singular verbs
• Twenty kilometres is a long distance to skate to
work each day
• Eight dollars an hour is a poor rate
 The expression the number is singular
• The number of failures is decreasing
 The expression a number is plural
• A number of people are leaving
 Titles
 The title of a movie, book or magazine
requires a singular verb
• Lost Horizons is a book about a utopia
• The Simpsons is my favourite TV show
 SUBJECT – VERB AGREEMENT

A
A singular
singular subject
subject demands
demands
a
a singular
singular verb;
verb; a a plural
plural
subject
subject demands
demands aa plural
plural verb.
verb.
That
That isis the
the simple
simple principle
principle
behind
behind subject-verb
subject-verb
agreement
agreement..
 SUBJECT – VERB AGREEMENT
 Indefinite pronouns such as everyone and
everybody feel plural to some writers, but
they are always singular – and take a singular
verb.

 Everyone associated with the project is

proud to be part of the effort.

 Someone has to be responsible.

 SUBJECT – VERB AGREEMENT

 Don’t be confused by phrases that come

between the subject pronoun and its verb-
phrases that may contain plural words.

 Each of the project

projectpartners
partners is responsible
for writing a chapter.
 SUBJECT – VERB AGREEMENT
 The verb that accompanies pronouns such
as all and some will be determined by
whether the pronoun is referring to
something that is COUNTABLE or not.

Some of the students in the cafeteria have

voted already.
 Some of the grain was ruined by the flood.

“Students” is accountable, but we cannot count

“the grain” it is one lump, one quantity.
 SUBJECT – VERB AGREEMENT
 None is usually regarded as singular, but it
can be used as a plural pronoun.

 None of the representatives has indicated

how he or she will vote. OR

 None of the representatives have indicated

how they will vote.
 SUBJECT – VERB AGREEMENT
 With fractional expressions (fractions or
decimal equivalents), the verb will be
determined by what is being measured: is it
COUNTABLE or not.

 Two-fifths of the grain is ruined.

 One-half of the students were convinced

that there would be no final exams this year.
 SUBJECT – VERB AGREEMENT
 Of all the returns we have counted so far,
fifty percent are in favor of the referendum.

 A majority of the student body is in favor

of asking the Dean to stay another year.
 SUBJECT – VERB AGREEMENT
 Phrases such as together with, along with,
and as well as seem to join subjects, but
they do not work the same as and: they are
not conjunctions.

 Some of the hay in the barn, as well as

some major pieces of farm equipment, was
ruined in the flood.
 SUBJECT – VERB AGREEMENT

 The major spending bill before Congress,

together with some other bills that are
awaiting action, is going to cost taxpayers
plenty.
 SUBJECT – VERB AGREEMENT
 In formal writing, when either and neither
appear as a subject alone (without their
sidekicks or and nor), they are singular. This
is true even though the subject seems to be
two things.

 Neither of these choices appears to be

satisfactory.
 The purchasing office will lend me a company
car or compensate me for travel expenses.
Either is fine with me.
 SUBJECT – VERB AGREEMENT
When either and neither act as correlative
conjunctions, the subject that is closer to the
verb determines the number ( singular or
plural form) of the verb.
 Neither the principal nor the teachers are at
fault.
 Either the teachers or the principal has to be
responsible for the year end festival.
 Has either the President or his aides been in
touch with you?
 SUBJECT – VERB AGREEMENT
 When an expletive construction (there is,
there are, here is, etc.) begins a sentence,
the subject ( which determines the number of
the verb) comes after the verb.

There are several explanations for the Civil

War.
We were looking down the street when – all of
a sudden – here come Joe
come andhishis
Joe and two two
brothers.
 SUBJECT – VERB AGREEMENT


 If the management team takes

this attitude, there is very little
latitude for negotiation.
 SUBJECT – VERB AGREEMENT
 Be careful when lengthy or numerous
modifying phrases come between the subject
and its verb.

 Tim Berners-Lee, one of America’s most

prominent computer scientists and – as a
founder of the World Wide Web Consortium –
one of the most important figures in the
development of the Internet, has been working
quickly at M.I.T. for many years.
 SUBJECT – VERB AGREEMENT
 The fact that the plural
“scientists” and “figures” appear in
this sentence has no effect on our
choice of a singular verb, ‘has.”
 SUBJECT – VERB AGREEMENT
 With “of phrases,” try turning the sentence “
inside –out” to find the right subject-verb
combination.
 Connecticut is one of those states that
HAVE/HAS adopted a state income tax.
Turn this around to …….
Of those states that have adopted a state
income tax, Connecticut is one.
 THE GRAMMARIANS!
 “Your grammar is a reflection of your
image. Good or bad, you have made an
impression. And like all impressions, you
are in total control.”

Jeffrey Gitomer

 GRAMMAR! The difference between
feeling your nuts and feeling you’re nuts!

 LOL
PREPOSITIONS
 A word that shows a relationship
between a noun or pronoun and
some other word in the sentence.

The baseball player in the

white shirt
hit a homerun.

 Common Prepositions

about before except of to

above behind for off toward
across below from on under
after beneath in out until
against beside inside outside up
along between into over upon
among by like past with
around down near since within
at during next to through without
 Prepositions may be used to:
1. Indicate time
Ex: I’ll see you after dinner.
2. Indicate place
Ex: He hid behind the bush.
3.Show direction
Ex: My friend pointed to her house across the
street.
4. Show Comparison
Ex: Like my friend, I also enjoy swimming.
5. Indicate cause or possession
Ex: He was accused of murder.
 A prepositional phrase is a phrase that
begins with a preposition and ends with a
noun or pronoun. A preposition is a word that
connects a noun, pronoun, or verb with some
other information about it.
Ex: preposition
I want to put my new picture on that wall.

prepositional phrase
preposition

He ran through the swamp to avoid capture.

prepositional phrase
 A word that shows a relationship between
a noun or pronoun and some other word
in the sentence.
on her boat before
noon
in a house during
class
near the goat about a goon
OBJECT OF THE
PREPOSITION
The noun or pronoun that ends a
prepositional phrase.

The baseball player in the

white shirt
hit a homerun.
OBJECT OF THE
PREPOSITION
The noun or pronoun that ends a prepositional
phrase.
on her boat before noon
in a house during
class
near the goat about a goon
under a mouse without a
 Always begins with a
preposition and ends with a
noun or pronoun.
Write sentences for these prepositional phrases:
Modifies a noun or pronoun
It answers the same questions an
adjective would:

Which one? What kind? How many?

The puppy in the shop

window jumped up.
Modifies a verb, adjective, or
adverb
It answers the same questions an adverb
would:

Where? When? How?

The puppy jumped to the
food.
You MUST memorize
the prepositions!
If there is no object of the
preposition (if the preposition
is not part of a phrase), then it
is not a preposition—it is an
adverb.
The gecko climbed up
the wall.
The gecko climbed
up.
The gecko climbed up on
the wall.
Identify the prepositional phrases and the
objects of the preposition:
1.The paper with the blue
border is floating through the
air.
2. Jordan’s eyes sparkle like a
sunny day.
3. With great ease, Michael
jumped up on the table.
v
1.The tadpoles are below the
surface of the pond.
2. I jumped up and Amy
jumped down.
down
3. Is Taylor near?
near
4. Erin looked across the bus
to the purple-haired boy.
The Participle
and the
Participial
Phrase
 What is a Participle?
1. Looks like a verb – a “verby”
looking word
2. Ends in –ing or –ed (some irregularly
formed…known)
3. Behaves as an adjective in the
sentence
4. Modifies nouns and pronouns
 What
What Does
Does a Participle
Participle
Look
Look Like?
Like?
EX: Leaping the fence, the cat surprised
me.
Leaping looks like a verb, but it really
describes the cat. Surprised is the verb.

EX: Defeated teams should congratulate

the winners.
Defeated looks like a verb, but it is an
adjective that describes teams.
 Your
Your Turn
Turn To
To
Identify
Identify Participles-
Participles-
 A peeled and sliced cucumber needs to
be added to the salad.

1. Look for –ing and –ed words

2. Decide if the words act as adjectives or
verbs
3. Those acting as adjectives are participles
 Your
Your Turn
Turn To
To
Identify
Identify Participles-
Participles-
 A peeled and sliced cucumber needs to
be added to the salad.
 Peeled describes cucumber…adjective,
thus a participle
 Sliced describes cucumber…adjective,
thus a participle
 Needs is the action of the sentence…verb
 What
What is
is a Participial
Participial
Phrase?
Phrase?

 It begins with the participle (-ing

or –ed word acting as an
adjective) and also contains other
related words…prepositional
phrase, nouns, pronouns,
adjectives, adverbs
 What
What does
does aa participial
participial
phrase
phrase look
look like?
like?

 Outwitting the hounds, the raccoons easily

escaped.
• Outwitting is the participle…describes
raccoons
• The hounds relates to outwitting…tells what
was outwitted
• Outwitting the hounds is the participial phrase
• It tells more information about the raccoons
 What
What does
does aa participial
participial
phrase
phrase look
look like?
like?

 I saw her fishing contentedly.

• Fishing is the participle…describes her
• Contentedly is related to fishing…
describes how she was fishing
• Fishing contentedly is the participle
phrase
 Your
Your Turn
Turn To
To
Identify
Identify Participial
Participial
Phrases-
Phrases-
 Tackled on the one-yard line, Sam
fumbled the ball.

1. Look for –ing and –ed words

2. Decide if the words act as adjectives or
verbs
3. Those acting as adjectives are
participles and begin the participial
phrase
4. Identify the related words which make
up the phrase
 Your
Your Turn
Turn To
To Identify
Identify
Participial
Participial Phrases-
Phrases-
 Tackled on the one-yard line, Sam
fumbled the ball.

 Tackled describes what happened

to Sam…adjective, thus participle
 On the one-yard line is related to
tackled… tells where Sam was
tackled
 Fumbled tells what Sam did…verb
 Participial
Participial Phrases
Phrases and
and
Commas-
Commas-

 Sentences which begin with a participial

phrase always have a comma at the end
of the participial phrase
 Wildly cheering for the team, we
celebrated the victory.
 What
What Are
Are You
You
Expected
Expected To
To Do
Do With
With
Participial
Participial Phrases?
Phrases?
 Be able to locate and identify participial
phrases in sentences

 Be able to use participial phrases in your

own writing to modify and enhance your
thoughts, along with adding variety to your
sentence beginnings
 Which example is correct?
A participial phrase must be placed as closed to
the noun if modifies as possible and the noun
must be clearly stated.

Carrying a heavy file of books, his foot caught

on a step.

Carrying a heavy file of books, he caught his

foot on a step.
 So, What’s a dangling participle?
 A dangling participle does not describe the subject
of the sentence. For example:
 DANGLING: Thrown into the air, the dog chased
after the stick.
 CORRECT: Thrown into the air, the stick flew
away from the dog.
 As the first sentence is written, it says that the
dog, not the stick, was thrown into the air. Since
the phrase does not describe the subject it is a
dangling participial phrase.
 More Examples
 DANGLING: Driving home in the storm, a
branch nearly fell on my car.
 CORRECT: Driving home in the storm, I
watched as a branch nearly fell on my car.
 DANGLING: Watching the play, the actors
enthralled the audience.
 CORRECT: Watching the play, the
audience was enthralled by the actors.
 A Helpful Hint
 When you use a present participle, the
subject of the sentence should be doing the
action described in the participial phrase.
Examples:
The sobbing child held his injured knee.
(Sobbing is the present participle. It modifies child .)
Sweeping across the night sky, the bats hunted
their prey.
(Sweeping is the present participle, and sweeping across the
night sky is the participial phrase. The participial phrase
modifies bats .)
 A Helpful Hint
 When you write a past participle, the subject of
the sentence should receive the action of the
participle.
Past Participle Examples:
The broken window needed to get repaired
quickly.
(Broken is the past participle. It modifies window .)
Excited about dinner, Hari ran the whole way
home.
(Excited is the past participle, and excited about
dinner is the participial phrase. The participial
phrase modifies Hari .)
 FIND
FIND THE
THE PARTICIPIAL
PARTICIPIAL PHRASES
PHRASES IN
IN THESE
THESE
CORRECT
CORRECT SENTENCES.
SENTENCES.
 Flying from flower to flower, the bee made
its way through the field.
 Shown in theatres everywhere, the movie
set a new box office record.
 Painting a picture, the artist lost track of
time.
 Left home alone by his parents, Johnny
stayed up later than usual.
 FIGURE
FIGURE OUT
OUT HOW
HOW TO
TO CORRECT
CORRECT THESE
THESE
SENTENCES
SENTENCES WITH
WITH DANGLING
DANGLING PARTICIPIAL
PARTICIPIAL
PHRASES
PHRASES
 Surrounded by Secret Service, the crowd
could barely see the President.
 Walking along the beach, the waves
crashed at my feet.
 Catching the ball, the last out caused a
celebration.
 Dropped from the table, the chair stopped
the fork from hitting the floor.
Conjunctions
 All of these words, and many more,
are conjunctions ! ! !
for or

than before if
even though
while whether
wherever
and nor
since then so
although unless
where yet because
until
but
Let us take a closer
look . . .
 What
What is
is aa conjunction?
conjunction?

Conjunction is the name for those common

words that are used to join (conjoin) parts of
sentences. Also, conjunctions may be used
to begin certain sentences.

There are different types of conjunctions:

coordinating conjunctions and
subordinating conjunctions.
 What
What is
is aa conjunction?
conjunction?

Conjunctions sometimes work in pairs

and are called correlative conjunctions.

Conjunctive adverbs are also frequently

used to provide logical connections in
sentences.
 Coordinating
Coordinating Conjunctions
Conjunctions
These
These conjunctions
conjunctions are
are seven
seven very
very common
common words.
words.
They
They are
are very
very small,
small, made
made up
up of
of three
three or
or fewer
fewer
letters.
letters.

When to Use Each Coordinating Conjunction:

Reason Coordinating Conjunction
To communicate addition and
To communicate contrast but, yet
To communicate a result/effect so
To communicate a reason/cause for
To communicate a choice or
To communicate a negative choice nor
Use them between two independent clauses.
 Coordinating Conjunctions
Coordinating conjunctions are used to join words,
phrases, and independent clauses.

Examples
Ex . He only of coordinating
wears striped tiesconjunctions in
and polka dott sentences:

Ex. The shoes were not blue suede nor black

leather. (Nor joins two phrases.)

Ex. It wasn’t a costume party, yet many came

dressed as literary villains. (Yet joins two independent
clauses.)
More Coordinating Conjunctions...
These are likely used less often; however, they serve an
important function.
When to Use Each Coordinating Conjunction:
Reason Coordinating Conjunction

To communicate additional consequently

information furthermore
however
indeed
moreover
nevertheless
then
therefore
Use them between two independent clauses.
 Coordinating Conjunctions cont….
These coordinating conjunctions are used to join independent
clauses.
Examples of coordinating conjunctions in sentences:
Ex. He only wears brown wingtips; consequently, he does not
wear white socks. ( Consequently joins two independent
clauses.)

Ex. The shoes were not suede; however, they were leather.
(However joins two independent clauses.)

Ex. It was not a Halloween party; nevertheless, many came

dressed in costumes. (nevertheless joins two independent
clauses.)
 Subordinate Conjunctions
These conjunctions are used to express relationships
between a dependent and an independent clause.
When to Use Common Subordinate Conjunctions:

Reason Subordinate Conjunction

Regarding time
To communicate a reason/cause
To communicate a result/effect
To communicate a condition
To communicate contrast
Regarding location
Regarding a choice
after, before, once, since,
until, when, whenever, while
as, because, since
in order that, so, so that, that
if, even if, unless
although, even though,
though, whereas
where, wherever
than, whether
Subordinate
Subordinate Conjunctions
Conjunctions

Subordinate
Subordinate conjunctions
conjunctions often
often begin
begin aa
dependent
dependent clause.If
clause.If the
the dependent
dependent
clause
clause begins
begins or
or interrupts
interrupts the
the
sentence,then
sentence,then itit is
is separated
separated from
from
the
the independent
independent clause
clause by
by aa comma.
comma.
 Examples of subordinate conjunctions in
sentences:
Ex. Once she found the perfect broach, she
purchased three outfits to match it. (Once
demonstrates a time context. A comma is used
because the conjunction begins the sentence.)
Ex. He wore the top hat wherever he went.
(Wherever demonstrates a location context. Though
wherever begins the dependent clause, no comma
is used because it does not begin the sentence or
interrupt the sentence.)
 Correlative
Correlative Conjunctions
Conjunctions
Correlative conjunctions are two separate conjunctions
that are often in sentences together.

Common Correlative Conjunctions and Examples:

both, and Ex. Both maroon and gray accent nicely.
either, or Ex. I like to wear either pants or capris.
neither, nor Ex. Neither the shirt nor the jacket fit.
not only, but (also) Ex. Not only one button fell off, but all of
them.
whether, or Ex. Whether or not you wear nice clothes,
you have to wear clothes.
not, so much as Ex. It was not that his clothes were
flamboyant so much as they were
florid.
 Conjunctive
Conjunctive Adverbs
Adverbs
Conjunctive
Conjunctive adverbs
adverbs provide
provide connections
connections and
and
transitions
transitions that
that clarify
clarify or
or limit
limit the
the meaning
meaning of
of
words.
words.
When to Use Common Conjunctive Adverbs:

Reason Conjunctive Adverb

To communicate addition also, furthermore, besides
To communicate contrast however, still, nevertheless,
instead, otherwise
To communicate comparison similarly, likewise
To introduce a result/summary therefore, thus, consequently,
accordingly, hence, then
To indicate time next, then, meanwhile, finally
To communicate emphasis indeed, certainly
 Conjunctive
Conjunctive Adverbs
Adverbs cont….
cont….
Conjunctive adverbs can appear anywhere in a sentence. They
should be followed by a comma and, when in the middle of a
sentence, preceded by a semicolon.
Examples of conjunctive adverbs in sentences:
Ex. Furthermore, stiletto heels are not a fad; they are
classic! (Furthermore communicates an additional
statement and is followed by a comma.)
Ex. His crimson cape caught on the skyscraper;
therefore, his flying ended abruptly. (Therefore
communicates a result and is preceded by a semicolon
because it is in the middle of the sentence.)
 Find
Find an appropriate conjunction fitted
for
for the following sentences:
sentences:
1.I plan to take my vacation _________ in June
_________ in July.
(whether / or, either / or, as / if)
2._________ I’m feeling happy _________ sad, I try
to keep a positive attitude.
(either / or, whether / or, when / I’m)
3. _________ had I taken my shoes off _________ I
found out we had to leave again.
(no sooner / than, rather / than, whether / or)
4. _________ only is dark chocolate delicious,
_________ it can be healthy.
(whether / or, not / but, just as / so)
5. _________ I have salad for dinner, _______
I can have ice cream for dessert.
(if /then, when / than, whether / or)
6. Carrie didn’t know whether her bike would
be fixed _____ if she would have to walk.
( But , And , Nor , Or , Either )
7. Luke was late to the party ______ his car
broke down on the highway.
(If , Because , While , Although , Where )
7.I visit the Grand Canyon _________ I go to
Arizona. (once, whenever, wherever)
8. This is the place _________ we stayed last
time we visited. (where, when, how)
9._________ you win first place, you will
receive a prize. (wherever, if, unless)
10.You won’t pass the test _________ you
study. (when, if, unless)
11.I could not get a seat, _________ I came
early. (as, though, when)
12.We are leaving Wednesday _________ or
not it rains. (if, whether, though)
13.Pay attention to your work _________ you
will not make mistakes. (so that, unless, or)
14.The musicians delivered a rousing
performance _________ they had rehearsed
often. (though, as, once)
15.She’s honest _________ everyone trusts
her. (if, so, when)
 Activity
 Circle the Adverb Phrase. Underline
the word that the phrase modifies.
(Remember to ask – where, when,
why, how)
 References
 Grammar Bytes! @ 2017 by Robin L. Simmons
 http://www.Proproofs.com/discuss/q/203127//

http://www.chompchom.com/presentations/svag
reement.ppt

http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/ppt/s
vagr.pps