QUADRILATERALS

Chapter IX
QUADRILATERALS
A quadrilateral is a four sided figure.

The four angles of a quadrilateral sum to 360. b c

a  + b  + c  + d  = 360
a
d
 Quadrilaterals

Trapezium Parallelogram

Rhombus Rectangle
Trapezoid

Square
 Quadrilateral

Trapezium Parallelogram

Rhombus Rectangle
Trapezoid

Square
I. PARALLELOGRAM
PROPERTIES
QUADRILATERAL CLASSIFICATION

 If quadrilaterals has two

pairs of parallel lines, it is
called PARALLELOGRAM.
 Parallelogram

1. Opposite sides are parallel 2. Opposite sides are equal

3. Opposite angles are equal 4. Diagonals bisect each other

. ..
.. .
PROPERTIES OF
PARALLELOGRAM
 THEOREM 9-1:

Consecutive angles of a
parallelogram are
supplementary.
B
. .. C

m∠ A + m∠ B = 180°, m∠ B + m∠ C = 180°

A
.. . D
m∠ C + m∠ D = 180°, m∠ A + m∠ D = 180°
THEOREM 9-2:

Opposite angles of a
parallelogram are congruent.
B
. .. C

∠A ≅ ∠C , ∠B ≅ ∠D

A
.. . D
 D A

5y (x + 60) °
By Theorem 9-1 and 9-2,
opposite angles are congruent,
while consecutive angles are
(3x + 40) ° supplementary. This implies,
∠A ≅ ∠C and
C B
m∠ D + m∠ A = 180° .

∠A ≅ ∠C m∠ D + m∠ A = 180°

(3x + 40) ° = (x + 60) ° x + 60° + 5y = 180 °

3x – x = 60 - 40 ° 10° + 60° + 5y = 180 °
2x = 20 ° 5y = 180 ° - 70°
x = 10 ° 5y = 110°
y = 22°
THEOREM 9-3:
In a parallelogram, either
diagonal separates the
parallelogram into two
congruent triangles.
B C

∆ABD ≅ ∆CDB
∆ABC ≅ ∆ADC
A D
Can we prove the congruency of
the two triangles formed?

Given: ABCD is a parallelogram with

diagonal BD.
Prove: ABD ≅ CDB
B C

A D
 Proof:
Statement Reason
1. ABCD is a parallelogram 1. Given

2. BC || AD 2. Definition of Parallelogram

3. ∠BDA ≅ ∠CBD 3. If parallel lines cut by a

transversal the alternate interior
angles are congruent.
4. AB || CD 4. Definition of Parallelogram

5. ∠ABD ≅ ∠CDB 5. If parallel lines cut by a

transversal the alternate interior
angles are congruent.
6. BD≅ DB 6. Reflexive Property

7. ΔABD ≅ ΔCDB 7. ASA Postulate

THEOREM 9-4:

Opposite sides of a
parallelogram are congruent..
B C

AB ≅ CD , BC ≅ AD
A D
 D 5x - 25 A

By Theorem 9-4, opposite

3y sides are congruent,
y + 18 therefore,
AD ≅ BC and CD ≅ AB.
C B
2x - 10
AD ≅ BC CD ≅ AB

5x – 25 = 2x - 10 3y = y + 18
5x – 2x = 25 - 10 3y – y = 18
3x = 15 2y = 18
x=5 y=9
THEOREM 9-5:

The diagonals of a
parallelogram bisect each
other.
B C
E
AE ≅ EC and BE ≅ ED
A D
 A
D

By Theorem 9-5, the

diagonals bisect each
E other. So,
DE ≅ EB and AE ≅ EC.
C B

3x + 6 = 12 2y – 10 = y - 8
3x = 12 2y – y = - 8 + 10

x=2 y=2
SPECIAL PARALLELOGRAMS
SPECIAL PARALLELOGRAM

 If all the interior angles of a

parallelogram are right
angles, it is called
RECTANGLE.
Rectangle
1. Opposite sides are parallel 2. Opposite sides are equal

3. All angles are right angles 4. Diagonals are equal and bisect each
other
SPECIAL PARALLELOGRAM

 If all the sides of a

parallelogram are congruent
to each other, it is called
RHOMBUS.
Rhombus

1. Opposite sides are parallel 2. All sides are equal 3. Opposite angles are equal

. ..
.. .

4. Diagonals bisect each other 5. Diagonal intersects at right 6. Diagonals bisect opposite
angles angles

.. .
. ..
SPECIAL PARALLELOGRAM

 If a parallelogram is both
rectangle and a rhombus, it is
called SQUARE.
Square
1. Opposite sides are parallel 2. All sides are equal 3. All angles are right angles

4. Diagonals are equal and 5. Diagonals intersect at 6. Diagonals bisect each

bisect each other right angles angle

.
. ..
.. . .
PARALLELOGRAMS
WITH SPECIAL
PROPERTIES
THEOREM 9-6:

The diagonals of a rectangle

are congruent.
 A
D

By Theorem 9-6, the

diagonals of a rectangle
E are congruent . So,
DE ≅ EB and AE ≅ EC.
C B

DE ≅ EB AE ≅ EC
3x + 6 = 12 2y – 10 = y - 8
3x = 12 2y – y = - 8 + 10

x=2 y=2
THEOREM 9-7:

The diagonals of a rhombus

are perpendicular to each
other.
THEOREM 9-8:

The diagonals of a rhombus

bisects a pair of opposite
angles.
.. .
. ..
Given that ABCD is a rhombus and m∠3 = 55°. Find
the measures of the following angles.

B 3 C
2
E

1
A D

1, ∠1 =

2. ∠ 2 =

3. ∠CDA =

4. ∠BEC =

5. ∠BAE =
SOLUTIONS:

1. The diagonals of rhombus bisect all angles of the

rhombus. The measure of ∠3 is half of the measure of
∠ABC.

m∠ABC = 2 ( m∠3 ) = 2 ( 55° ) = 110°

A rhombus is still a parallelogram, so its consecutive

angles are supplementary.

m∠ABC + m∠BAD = 180°

110° + m∠BAD = 180°
m∠BAD = 70°

∠1 is half of m∠BAD. Therefore, m∠1= 35°

SOLUTIONS:

2. Opposite anles of parallelogram are congruent, so

m∠BAD = m∠BCD, ∠2 is half of m∠BCD, ∠2 = 35° .

3. Opposite anles of parallelogram are congruent, so

m∠ABC = m∠ADC = 110° .

4. Since the diagonals of a rhombus are perpendicular,

m∠BEC = 90° .

5. ∠BAE and ∠2 are considered as alternate interior

angles formed by transversal AC of parallel sides AB
and DC, therefore, ∠BAE = ∠2 = 35° .
THEOREM 9-9:

The diagonals of a square are

congruent, perpendicular to each
other, and they bisect the four
angles of the square.
II. CLASSIFYING
QUADRILATERALS
A. As Parallelogram
THEOREM 9-10:

If one pairs of opposite sides

of a quadrilateral are both
congruent and parallel, then
the quadrilateral is a
parallelogram.
Given: ABCD, AB || CD, AB ≅ CD
Prove: ABCD is a parallelogram

B C

A D
 Proof:
Statement Reason
1. AB ≅ CD 1. Given
2. AB || CD 2. Given
3. ∠ABD ≅ ∠CDB 3. If two lines cut by a transversal
the alternate interior angles are
congruent.
4. BD ≅ BD 4. Reflexive Property
5. ΔADB ≅ ΔCDB 5. SAS Postulate

6. ∠ADB ≅ ∠CBD 6. CPCTC

7. BC || AD
8. ☐ABCD is a parallelogram
7. If alternate interior angles formed
by two lines cut by a transversal are
congruent, the lines are parallel.
8. If opposite sides of a quadrilateral
are parallel, then it is a
parallelogram
THEOREM 9-11:

If both pairs of opposite sides

of a quadrilateral are
congruent, then the
quadrilateral is a
parallelogram.
Given: ABCD, AB≅ CD, AD ≅ BC
Prove: ABCD is a parallelogram

B C
2
3

1
4
A D
 Proof:
Statement Reason
1. AB ≅ CD 1. Given
2. AD ≅ BC 2. Given
3. AC ≅ AC 3. Reflexive Property
4. ΔABC ≅ ΔCDB 4. SSS Postulate
5. ∠1 ≅ ∠3 , ∠2 ≅ ∠4 5. CPCTC

6. AB || CD, AD || BC 6. . If alternate interior angles

7. ☐ABCD is a parallelogram
formed by two lines cut by a
transversal are congruent, the lines
are parallel.
7. If two pairs of sides are parallel,
then the quadrilateral is a
parallelogram.
THEOREM 9-12:

If both pairs of opposite angles

of a quadrilateral are
congruent, then the
quadrilateral is a
parallelogram.
Given: ABCD, with ∠A ≅ ∠C, ∠B ≅ ∠D
Prove: ABCD is a parallelogram

B C

A D
 Proof:
Statement
1. ∠A ≅ ∠C, ∠B ≅ ∠D
2. ∠A + ∠C + ∠B + ∠D = 360
3. m∠A + m∠C , m∠B +m ∠D
4. ∠A + ∠A + ∠B + ∠B = 360
5. m∠A + m∠B = 180
6. m∠C + m∠D = 180
7. m∠A + m∠B are supplementary
m∠C + m∠D are supplementary
8. AB||CD, BC||AD
9. ☐ABCD is a parallelogram
Reason
1. Given
2. The sum of the measures of the
angles of quadrilateral is 360.
3. Definition of congruence angles
4. Substitution Principle
5. Addition, MPE
6. Substitution Principle
7. Definition of supplementary angles
8. If the interior angles on the same
side of a transversal supplementary,
then the lines are ||.
9. If opposite sides of a quadrilateral
are congruent, then it is a
parallelogram.
THEOREM 9-13:

If the diagonals of a
quadrilateral bisect each other,
then the quadrilateral is a
parallelogram.
Answer Box 12/1

Proof for Theorem

Prove: If a quadrilateral is a parallelogram, it has diagonals
which bisect each other.

Statements Reasons
1. 1. Given
2. 2. Def: A parallelogram is a quad.
with 2 pair of opposite sides
parallel.
 Statements Reasons
1. 1. Given
2. 2. Def: A parallelogram is a quad.
with 2 pair of opposite sides
parallel.
3. 3. If 2 || lines are cut by a trans., the
alternate interior angles are
congruent.
4. 4. The opposite sides of a
parallelogram are congruent.
5. 5. ASA - If 2 angles and the
included side of 1 Δ are
congruent to the corres. parts of
another Δ, the Δs are .
7. 7. CPCTC- Corres. parts of Δs
are .
8. 8. A segment bisector intersects the
segment to form two congruent
segments.
Answer Box 12/ 10 / 20 19 , 7:58 A

Proof for Theorem

Prove: If a quadrilateral has diagonals that bisect each other,
then it is a parallelogram.

Statements Reasons
1. 1. Given

2. 2. Bisector of a segment forms 2

segments.
3. 3. Vertical Ðs are congruent.
 Statements Reasons
1. 1. Given

2. 2. Bisector of a segment forms 2

segments.
3. 3. Vertical Ðs are congruent.
4. 4. SAS-if 2 sides and the included
Ð of one triangle are to the
corres. parts of the other, the
triangles are .
5. 5. CPCTC-corres. parts of
triangles are .
6. 6. If a quad. has its opposite sides
congruent, the quad. is a
parallelogram.
II. CLASSIFYING
QUADRILATERALS
A. As Special Parallelograms
THEOREM 9-14:

If one interior angle of a

parallelogram is a right angle,
then the parallelogram is a
rectangle.
THEOREM 9-15:

If the diagonals of a
parallelogram are congruent,
then the parallelogram is a
rectangle.
Given: ABCD is a parallelogram. Diagonals
AC and BD are congruent.
Prove: ABCD is a rectangle
C
B

A D
 Proof:
Statement Reason
1. ABCD is a rectangle 1. Given
2. AC ≅ BD 2. Given
3. AB ≅ CD 3. Opposite sides of a parallelogram
are congruent
4. AD ≅ AD 4. Reflexive Property
5. ΔADB ≅ ΔDBA 5. SSS Postulate
6. ∠BAD ≅ ∠CDA 6. CPCTC
7. ∠BAD ≅ ∠CDA are 7. Consecutive angles of a
supplementary parallelogram are supplementary.
8. ∠BAD ≅ ∠CDA are right angles 8. If two angles are congruents and
supplementary the both are right
angles.
9. ☐ABCD is a rectangle 9.If at least one angle is right angle,
the it is rectangel.
THEOREM 9-16:

If the diagonals of a
parallelogram are
perpendicular to each other,
then the parallelogram is a
rhombus.
THEOREM 9-17:

If the diagonals of a
parallelogram bisect the
opposite angles, then the
parallelogram is a rhombus.
 R
S

1 4
2 3

T
Q
Example:

A. Given the parallelogram QRST, fill in the blanks.

1. If QRST is a rectangle, then QS ≅ _____.

2. If QRST is a rhombus , then m∠QRT = _____.
3. If m∠QRS = 90, QRST is a _______.
4. If RS ≅ QR and QS ≅ RT, then QRST is a
______.
5. If QRST is a rhombus , then ∠1≅ ______.
6. If ∠3 and∠ 4 are complementary, then QRST is a
_____.
7. If ∠RQT and ∠RST are supplementary, then QRST is
a ______.
8. If QS ≅ RT , and QS perpendicular RT, then QRST is
_________.
Since the square is just a combination of a rectangle and a rhombus, we
can use the previous theorems to prove the characteristics of a square.

A parallelogram is a … if we can satisfy one of the following

RECTANGLE one of the interior angles is a right angle

its diagonals are congruent.

RHOMBUS a pair of adjacent congruent sides

diagonals
are perpendicular a diagonal bisects the
opposite angles.

SQUARE a rectangle with a pair of congruent

adjacent
sides a rhombus with one right interior
angle.
III. PARALLEL LINES and
PARALLELOGRAMS
THEOREM 9-18:

MIDSEGMENT THEOREM.
The segment connecting the
midpoints of any two sides of a
triangle is parallel to the third
side and half as long.
 Statements Reasons
1. 1. Given

2. 2. Midpoint of a segment forms

two congruent segments.

3. 3. Vertical Ðs are congruent.

4. 4. SAS-if 2 sides and the
included Ð of 1 Δ are
congruent to the corres. parts
of another Δ, the Δs are
congruent.
5. 5. CPCTC-corres. parts of
congruent Δs are congruent.
6. 6. If 2 lines are cut by a
transversal and the alternate
interior Ðs are congruent, the
THEOREM 9-19:

The distance between two

parallel lines is constant.
THEOREM 9-20:

If three or more parallel lines cut

off congruent segments on one
transversal, then the parallel
lines cut off congruent segments
on every transversal.
 Quadrilateral

Trapezium Parallelogram

Rhombus Rectangle
Trapezoid

Square
IV. TRAPEZOIDS
QUADRILATERAL CLASSIFICATION

 If quadrilaterals has only one

pair of parallel lines, it is
called TRAPEZIOD.
THEOREM 9-21:

The base angles of an

isosceles trapezoid are
congruent.
THEOREM 9-22:

The diagonals of an isosceles

trapezoid are congruent.
THEOREM 9-23:

If the base angles of a

trapezoid are congruent, then
the trapezoid is isosceles.
THEOREM 9-24:

The diagonals of a trapezoid

are congruent, then the
trapezoid is isosceles.
 Proof for Theorem
Prove: If a quadrilateral is an isosceles
trapezoid, the diagonals are congruent.

Statements Reasons
1. isos. trap. ABCD 1. Given
2. ÐDAB ÐCBA 2. An isos. trap. is a trapezoid with
congruent base angles.
3. 3. A trap. is a quad. with at least 1
pr. of parallel sides.
4. 4. An isos. trap. has legs.
Which we have proven true.
5. 5. Reflexive property.

6. 6. SAS - if 2 sides and the included

< of 1Δ are to the corres.
parts of another Δ, the Δs are .
7. 7. CPCTC-corres. parts Δs are
.
THEOREM 9-25:

The median of a trapezoid is

parallel to the bases and its
measure is half of the sum of
the measures of the bases.
Answer Box 12/1

Proof for Theorem

Prove: The median of a trapezoid is parallel to the bases and
equal in length to half the sum of the bases.

Statements Reasons
1. 1. Given

2. Draw , extending until 2. Two points determine exactly

one line.
 Statements Reasons
1. 1. Given

2. Draw , extending until 2. Two points determine exactly

it intersects with extension one line.
of , at P.
3. 3. A median of a trapezoid joins the
M midpoint midpoints of the legs.
4. 4. Midpoint of a segment forms
two congruent segments.
5. 5. Trapezoid has at least one pair of
parallel sides.
6. ÐABN ÐPCN 6. If 2 || lines are cut by a trans., the
alternate interior Ð are .
7. ÐANB ÐPNC 7. Vertical Ðs are .
8. 8. ASA-if 2 Ðs and the included
side of 1 Δ are to the corres.
parts of other Δ, the Δs are .
9. ; 9. CPCTC-corres parts Δs are
10. N is midpoint of 10. Midpoint of a segment forms
 two congruent segments.
11. mid-segment ΔADP 11. Mid-segment of Δ joins midpts
of two sides of Δ.
12. 12. Mid-segment of Δ is parallel to
*
the third side of the Δ.
13. * 13. If 2 lines are || to the same line,
they are || to each other.
14. MN = ½ DP; (2MN = DP) 14. Mid-seg. of Δ=½ of 3rd side.
15. DP = CP + DC 15. Segment Add. Postulate
16. AB = CP 16. segments have = length.
17. DP = AB + DC 17. Substitution
18. 2MN = AB + DC 18. Substitution
19. MN = ½ (AB + DC)* 19. Division

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 Quadrilateral

Trapezium Parallelogram

Rhombus Rectangle
Trapezoid

Square
QUADRILATERAL CLASSIFICATION

 If quadrilaterals does not

have any pair of parallel
sides, it is called
TRAPEZIUM.