Storyline

Chapter 7:
Energy of a System

Physics for Scientists and Engineers, 10e

Raymond A. Serway
John W. Jewett, Jr.
 Systems and Environments
Valid systems:
• may be a single object or particle

• may be a collection of objects or particles

• may be a region of space (such as the interior

of an automobile engine combustion
cylinder)

• may vary with time in size and shape (such

as a rubber ball, which deforms upon striking
a wall)
Systems and Environments
Work Done by a Constant Force
Work Done by a Constant Force

W  Fr cos
Definition of Work

W  F r cos 
Work Done by a Constant Force

W  F r cos 

for     W  F r
N  m  J  joule   kg  m 2 /s 2
Work: Energy Transfer
Work is an energy transfer
 Quick Quiz 7.1
The gravitational force exerted by the Sun on the Earth
holds the Earth in an orbit around the Sun. Let us
assume that the orbit is perfectly circular. The work
done by this gravitational force during a short time
interval in which the Earth moves through a
displacement in its orbital path is
(a) zero
(b) positive
(c) negative
(d) impossible to determine
 Quick Quiz 7.1
The gravitational force exerted by the Sun on the Earth
holds the Earth in an orbit around the Sun. Let us
assume that the orbit is perfectly circular. The work
done by this gravitational force during a short time
interval in which the Earth moves through a
displacement in its orbital path is
(a) zero
(b) positive
(c) negative
(d) impossible to determine
 Quick Quiz 7.2
The figure shows four
situations in which a force
is applied to an object. In
all four cases, the force has
the same magnitude, and
the displacement of the
object is to the right and of
the same magnitude. Rank
the situations in order of
the work done by the force
on the object, from most
positive to most negative.
 Quick Quiz 7.2
The figure shows four
situations in which a force
is applied to an object. In
all four cases, the force has
the same magnitude, and
the displacement of the
object is to the right and of
the same magnitude. Rank
the situations in order of
the work done by the force
on the object, from most
positive to most negative. (c), (a), (d), (b)
 Example 7.1:
Mr. Clean
A man cleaning a floor pulls a vacuum cleaner with a
force of magnitude F = 50.0 N at an angle of 30.0
with the horizontal. Calculate the work done by the
force on the vacuum cleaner as the vacuum cleaner is
displaced 3.00 m to the right.

W  F r cos 
  50.0 N  3.00 m  cos 30.0 
 130 J
The Scalar Product of Two Vectors

A  B  AB cos 

W  F r cos   F  r
The Scalar Product of Two Vectors

A  B  AB cos 

AB  BA

 
A  B  C  A B  A C

AB      A  B  0
A B      A  B  AB
A B   18   A  B   AB
The Scalar Product of Two Vectors

ˆi  ˆi  ˆj  ˆj  kˆ  kˆ  1 ˆi  ˆj  ˆi  ˆj  ˆj  kˆ  0

A  Ax ˆi  Ay ˆj  Az kˆ
B  Bx ˆi  By ˆj  Bz kˆ

A  B  Ax Bx  Ay By  Az Bz

A  A  Ax  Ay  Az  A
2 2 2 2
 Quick Quiz 7.3
Which of the following statements is true about the
relationship between the dot product of two vectors and
the product of the magnitudes of the vectors?

 a  A  B is larger than AB.

 b  A  B is smaller than AB.
 c  A  B could be larger or smaller than AB, depending
on the angle between the vectors.
 d  A  B could be equal to AB.
 Quick Quiz 7.3
Which of the following statements is true about the
relationship between the dot product of two vectors and
the product of the magnitudes of the vectors?

 a  A  B is larger than AB.

 b  A  B is smaller than AB.
 c  A  B could be larger or smaller than AB, depending
on the angle between the vectors.
 d  A  B could be equal to AB.
 Example 7.2:
The Scalar Product

The vectors A and B are given by

A  2ˆi  3ˆj and B  ˆi  2ˆj
 A  Determine the scalar product A  B.

 
A  B  2ˆi  3ˆj  ˆi  2ˆj 
 2ˆi  ˆi  2ˆi  2ˆj  3ˆj  ˆi  3ˆj  2ˆj
 2 1  4  0   3  0   6 1  2  6  4

A  B  Ax Bx  Ay By   2  1   3 2   4
 Example 7.2:
The Scalar Product

 B  Find the angle  between A and B.

A Ax  Ay   2   3  13
2 2 2 2

B  Bx  By   1   2  5
2 2 2 2

AB 4 4
cos    
AB 13 5 65
4
  cos 1
 60.3
65
 Example 7.3:
Work Done by a Constant Force
A particle moving in the xy plane undergoes a

displacement given by r  2.0ˆi  3.0ˆj m as a 

constant force F  5.0ˆi  2.0ˆj N acts on the
particle. Calculate the work done by F on the
particle.

  
W  F  r   5.0ˆi  2.0ˆj N    2.0ˆi  3.0ˆj m 
    
 
 5.0ˆi  2.0ˆi  5.0ˆi  3.0ˆj  2.0ˆj  2.0ˆi  2.0ˆj  3.0ˆj N  m

 10  0  0  6 N  m  16 J
Work Done by a Varying Force
xf
W  Fx x W   Fx x
xi
xf

lim  Fx x   Fx dx
xf xf

x  0 xi
W   Fx dx
xi xi
Work Done by a Varying Force

W  W   F  dx  particle 
xf
ext  x
xi

W  W ext     Fx   dr  particle 

W  W
ext     F  dr   deformable system 
forces
 Example 7.4:
Calculating Total Work Done from a Graph
A force acting on a particle varies with x as shown in
the figure. Calculate the work done by the force on the
particle as it moves from x = 0 to x = 6.0 m.
 Example 7.4:
Calculating Total Work Done from a Graph

WA to B   5.0 N  4.0 m   20 J
1
WB to C   5.0 N  2.0 m   5.0 J
2

WA to C  WA to B  WB to C
 20 J  5.0 J  25 J
Work Done by a Spring

Fs  kx Fs  Fs ˆi   kxˆi
 Work Done by a Spring

Ws   F  dr

  
kxˆi  dxˆi
xf

xi

1 2
 kx  dx  kxmax
0

 xmax 2
n 1
x
 x dx  n  1
n

1 2
Ws  kxmax
2
Work Done by a Spring

1 2 1
 kx  dx  kxi  kx f
xf
Ws   2
xi 2 2
 Work Done by a Spring

Fapp  Fapp ˆi  Fs


   kxˆi  kxˆi
Wext   Fapp  dr

 kxˆi    dxˆi 
xf

xi

0 1 2
 kxdx   kxmax
 xmax 2
xf 1 1 2
Wext   kxdx  kx f  kxi
2
xi 2 2
 Quick Quiz 7.4
A dart is inserted into a spring-loaded dart gun by pushing
the spring in by a distance x. For the next loading, the
spring is compressed a distance 2x. How much work is
required to load the second dart compared with that
required to load the first?
(a) four times as much
(b) two times as much
(c) the same
(d) half as much
(e) one-fourth as much
 Quick Quiz 7.4
A dart is inserted into a spring-loaded dart gun by pushing
the spring in by a distance x. For the next loading, the
spring is compressed a distance 2x. How much work is
required to load the second dart compared with that
required to load the first?
(a) four times as much
(b) two times as much
(c) the same
(d) half as much
(e) one-fourth as much
 Example 7.5:
Measuring k for a Spring
A common technique used to measure the force
constant of a spring is demonstrated by the setup in the
figure. The spring is hung vertically, and an object of
mass m is attached to its lower
end. Under the action of the “load”
mg, the spring stretches a distance
d from its equilibrium position.
 Example 7.5:
Measuring k for a Spring
(A) If a spring is stretched 2.0 cm by a
suspended object having a mass of 0.55 kg,
what is the force constant of the spring?

Fx  mg  0  Fs  mg  0
 Fs  mg

mg  0.55 kg  9.80 m/s 2


k 
d 2.0  102 m
 2.7  10 N/m
2
 Example 7.5:
Measuring k for a Spring
(B) How much work is done by the spring on the object
as it stretches through this distance?

1 2
Ws  0  kd
2
   2.7  10 N/m  2.0  10 m 
1 2 2 2

2
2
 5.4  10 J
 Example 7.5:
Measuring k for a Spring

W  F  r   mg  d  cos 0  mgd
  0.55 kg   9.80 m/s 2  2.0  102 m   1.110 1 J
 Kinetic Energy and
the Work–Kinetic Energy Theorem
 Fdx
xf
Wext  
xi

xf xf dv xf dx dv vf
Wext   ma dx   m dx   m dx   mv dv
xi xi dt xi dt dx vi

1 1
Wext  mv f  mvi
2 2

2 2

1 2
K  mv
2
Wext  K f  K i  K
 Kinetic Energy and
the Work–Kinetic Energy Theorem
Wext  K f  K i  K

When work is done on a system and the only change

in the system is in the speed of its members, the net
work done on the system equals the change in
kinetic energy of the system: W = K.
 Quick Quiz 7.5
A dart is inserted into a spring-loaded dart gun by pushing
the spring in by a distance x. For the next loading, the
spring is compressed a distance 2x. How much faster does
the second dart leave the gun compared with the first?
(a) four times as fast
(b) two times as fast
(c) the same
(d) half as fast
(e) one-fourth as fast
 Quick Quiz 7.5
A dart is inserted into a spring-loaded dart gun by pushing
the spring in by a distance x. For the next loading, the
spring is compressed a distance 2x. How much faster does
the second dart leave the gun compared with the first?
(a) four times as fast
(b) two times as fast
(c) the same
(d) half as fast
(e) one-fourth as fast
 Example 7.6:
A Block Pulled on a Frictionless Surface
A 6.0-kg block initially at rest is pulled to the right
along a frictionless, horizontal surface by a constant
horizontal force of magnitude 12 N. Find the block’s
speed after it has moved
through a horizontal
distance of 3.0 m.
 Example 7.6:
A Block Pulled on a Frictionless Surface

1 1
Wext  K  K f  K i  mv f  0  mv f
2 2

2 2

2Wext 2 F x
vf  
m m

2 12 N  3.0 m 
vf   3.5 m/s
6.0 kg
 Example 7.6:
A Block Pulled on a Frictionless Surface
Suppose the magnitude of the force in this example is
doubled to F = F. The 6.0-kg block accelerates to 3.5
m/s due to this applied force while moving through a
displacement x. How does the displacement x
compare with the original displacement x?
x < x
Wext  F x  K  F x
F F 1
x  x  x  x
F 2F 2
 Conceptual Example 7.7:
Does the Ramp Lesson the Work Required?
A man wishes to load a
refrigerator onto a truck
using a ramp at angle  as
shown in the figure. He
claims that less work
would be required to load the truck if the length L of the
ramp were increased so that the angle  would be
smaller. Is his claim valid? No.
Wext  Wby man  Wby gravity  0
Wby man  Wby gravity    mg  L  cos     
 mgL sin   mgh
Potential Energy of a System
r   y f  yi  ˆj

 
Wext  Fapp  r

 
 mgˆj   y f  yi  ˆj
 mgy f  mgyi

U g  mgy

Wext  U g
Gravitational Potential Energy
Gravitational potential energy: depends only on
vertical height of object above surface of Earth

 
Wext  Fapp  r

 
 mgˆj   x f  xi  ˆi   y f  yi  ˆj
 mgy f  mgyi
 Quick Quiz 7.6
Choose the correct answer. The gravitational potential
energy of a system
(a) is always positive
(b) is always negative
(c) can be negative or positive
 Quick Quiz 7.6
Choose the correct answer. The gravitational potential
energy of a system
(a) is always positive
(b) is always negative
(c) can be negative or positive
 Example 7.8:
The Proud Athlete and the Sore Toe
A trophy being shown off by a careless athlete slips
from the athlete’s hands and drops on his foot. Choosing
floor level as the y = 0 point of your coordinate system,
estimate the change in gravitational potential energy of
the trophy–Earth system as the trophy falls. Repeat the
calculation, using the top of the athlete’s head as the
origin of coordinates.
 Example 7.8:
The Proud Athlete and the Sore Toe
Assume mtrophy  2 kg, the top of foot is about 0.05 m
above the floor, and trophy falls from a height h = 1.4 m.
U i  mgyi   2 kg   9.80 m/s 2  1.4 m   27.4 J

U f  mgy f   2 kg   9.80 m/s 2

  0.05 m   0.98 J
U g  0.98 J  27.4 J  26.4 J  26 J
 Example 7.8:
The Proud Athlete and the Sore Toe
Assume top of athlete's head is at height h = 2.0 m.

U i  mgyi   2 kg   9.80 m/s 2   0.6 m   11.8 J

U f  mgy f   2 kg   9.80 m/s 2   1.95 m   38.2 J

U g  38.2 J   11.8 J   26.4 J  26 J

Elastic Potential Energy

1 1 2
Wext  kx f  kxi
2

2 2

1 2
U s  kx
2

Wext  U s
Elastic Potential Energy
 Quick Quiz 7.7 Part I
A ball is connected to a light spring
suspended vertically as shown in the
figure. When pulled downward from
its equilibrium position and released,
the ball oscillates up and down.
In the system of the ball, the spring,
and the Earth, what forms of energy
are there during the motion?
(a) kinetic and elastic potential
(b) kinetic and gravitational potential
(c) kinetic, elastic potential, and gravitational potential
(d) elastic potential and gravitational potential
 Quick Quiz 7.7 Part I
A ball is connected to a light spring
suspended vertically as shown in the
figure. When pulled downward from
its equilibrium position and released,
the ball oscillates up and down.
In the system of the ball, the spring,
and the Earth, what forms of energy
are there during the motion?
(a) kinetic and elastic potential
(b) kinetic and gravitational potential
(c) kinetic, elastic potential, and gravitational potential
(d) elastic potential and gravitational potential
 Quick Quiz 7.7 Part II
A ball is connected to a light spring
suspended vertically as shown in the
figure. When pulled downward from
its equilibrium position and released,
the ball oscillates up and down.
In the system of the ball and the
spring, what forms of energy are there
during the motion?
(a) kinetic and elastic potential
(b) kinetic and gravitational potential
(c) kinetic, elastic potential, and gravitational potential
(d) elastic potential and gravitational potential
 Quick Quiz 7.7 Part II
A ball is connected to a light spring
suspended vertically as shown in the
figure. When pulled downward from
its equilibrium position and released,
the ball oscillates up and down.
In the system of the ball and the
spring, what forms of energy are there
during the motion?
(a) kinetic and elastic potential
(b) kinetic and gravitational potential
(c) kinetic, elastic potential, and gravitational potential
(d) elastic potential and gravitational potential
Energy Bar Charts
 Conservative and
Nonconservative Forces
 Conservative and
Nonconservative Forces

Gravitational force: conservative

Friction force: nonconservative
 Conservative Forces
1. Work done by a conservative force on a particle
moving between any two points is independent of the
path taken by the particle.
2. Work done by a conservative force on a particle
moving through any closed path is zero.

Wg  mgˆj   y f  yi  ˆj  mgyi  mgy f

1 2 1
Ws  kxi  kx f 2

2 2
Nonconservative Forces

Emech  K  U
Nonconservative Forces
Relationship Between Conservative
Forces and Potential Energy
Wint  U i  U f  U
xf
Wint   Fx dx  U
xi
xf
U  U f  U i    Fx dx
xi

U f  x    Fx dx  U i
xf

xi

dU   Fx dx
dU
Fx  
dx
 Quick Quiz 7.8
What does the slope of a graph of U(x) versus x
represent?
(a) The magnitude of the force on the object
(b) the negative of the magnitude of the force on the
object
(c) the x component of the force on the object
(d) the negative of the x component of the force on the
object
 Quick Quiz 7.8
What does the slope of a graph of U(x) versus x
represent?
(a) The magnitude of the force on the object
(b) the negative of the magnitude of the force on the
object
(c) the x component of the force on the object
(d) the negative of the x component of the force on the
object
Energy Diagrams and Equilibrium
of a System
x = 0 position for a block–
spring system:
stable equilibrium
Unstable Equilibrium
 Example 7.9:
Force and Energy on an Atomic Scale
The potential energy associated with the force between two
neutral atoms in a molecule can be modeled by the Lennard–
Jones potential energy function:
  12   6 
U  r   4      
 r   r  
where r is the separation of the atoms. The function U(r)
contains two parameters  and  that are determined from
experiments. Sample values for the interaction between two
atoms in a molecule are  = 0.263 nm and  = 1.51  1022 J.
Using a spreadsheet or similar tool, graph this function and
find the most likely distance between the two atoms.
 Example 7.9:
Force and Energy on an Atomic Scale

dU  r  
d  
12

 
6
  12 6 6

 4        4  13  7 
dr dr  r   r    r r 

 12 6 6 
4  13  7   0  req   2  
1/6

 req req 

req   2   0.263 nm   2.95  10 10

1/6
m
 Example 7.9:
Force and Energy on an Atomic Scale