 Comparison Between Frequency and Amplitude

Modulation with respect to effect of noise on carrier –

Noise triangle.

 FM offers not only an improvement in the SNR but

also better discrimination against other interfering
signals, no matter what their source – Adjacent
channel interference and Co channel interference-
capture effect

Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis: The noise triangle

showed that noise has a greater effect on the higher
modulating frequencies than on the lower ones.
 Thus, if the higher frequencies were
artificially boosted at the transmitter and
correspondingly cut at the receiver, an
improvement in noise immunity could be
expected.

This boosting of the higher modulating

frequencies, in accordance with a prearranged
curve, is termed pre-emphasis, and the
compensation at the receiver is de-emphasis.
Comparison of Wideband and Narrowband FM

 Wideband FM has been defined as that in which

the modulation index normally exceeds unity.

Since the maximum permissible deviation is 75

kHz and modulating frequencies range from 30Hz
to 15 kHz, the maximum modulation index range
from 5 to 2500.

The modulation index in Narrowband FM is near

unity, since the maximum modulating frequency
there is usually 3 kHz and the maximum deviation
is typically 5 kHz.
  Narrowband FM is used in FM mobile communications
services. These includes police, ambulances, texicabs,
radio-controlled appliances repair service, short range HF
ship to shore services.

Generation of Frequency Modulation: The prime

requirement of a frequency modulation generator is a
variable output frequency, with the variation
proportional to the amplitude of the modulating
voltage.

• Direct Methods – reactance modulator (FET, BJT)

and varactor diode.
•Indirect Method – Armstrong FM system.
 Noise
Noise may be defined, as an electrical sense, as any
unwanted form of energy tending to interfere with the proper
and easy reception and reproduction of wanted signals.

Effect of noise in Communication system:

Many disturbance of an electrical nature produce noise in

receivers, modifying the signal in an unwanted manner.

 In radio receivers, for example, noise may produce hiss

sound in loudspeaker output.

 In TV receiver, snow or confetti becomes superimposed on

the picture.
Noise Classification:
According to source, effect, or relation to the receiver noise
can be classified into two groups –

 External Noise: Noise whose sources are external to the

receiver.
Atmospheric noise
Extraterrestrial noise
Industrial noise
 Internal Noise: Noise created within the receiver itself.
Thermal Agitation Noise
Shot Noise
Transit-time Noise
 Miscellaneous Noise