Network Models

Shailendra Tiwari

2.1
 LAYERED TASK
2 LAYERED TASKS

 We use the concept of layers in our daily life.

As an example, let us consider two friends who
communicate through postal mail. The process of
sending a letter to a friend would be complex if
there were no services available from the post
office.

2.2
 2-1 LAYERED TASKS

Figure 2.1 Tasks involved in sending a letter

2.3
 2-2 THE OSI MODEL
1. Established in 1947, the International Standards
Organization (ISO) is a multinational body
dedicated to worldwide agreement on international
standards.
2. An ISO standard that covers all aspects of
network communications is the Open Systems
Interconnection (OSI) model. It was first
introduced in the late 1970s.
3. ISO is the organization. OSI is the model.
4. Topics to be covered:
1. Layered Architecture
2. Peer-to-Peer Processes
3. Encapsulation
2.4
 Figure 2.2 Seven layers of the OSI model

2.5
 2-2 THE OSI MODEL

 Why use a layered approach ?

 Data communications requires complex procedures
 Sender identifies data path/receiver

 Systems negotiate preparedness

 Applications negotiate preparedness

 Translation of file formats

 For all tasks to occur, a high level of cooperation is

required
 Provide framework to implement multiple specific
protocols per layer

2.6
 2-2 THE OSI MODEL

 Advantages of Layering
 Easier application development
 Network can change without all programs being
modified
 Breaks complex tasks into subtasks
 Each layer handles a specific subset of tasks
 Communication occurs
 between different layers on the same node or stack
(INTERFACES) – vertical communications
 between similar layers on different nodes or stacks
(PEER-TO-PEER PROCESSES) – horizontal
2.7 communications
 Figure 2.3 The interaction between layers in the OSI model

User
support
layers

Network
support
layers

2.8
 Figure :

2.9
 Figure 2.4 An exchange using the OSI model

2.10
 2-3 LAYERS IN THE OSI MODEL

Figure 2.5 Physical layer

The physical layer is responsible for movements of

individual bits from one hop (node) to the next.

2.11
 Function of The Physical layer

 Physical representation of Interfaces &

media
 Representation of bits
 Data rate
 Synchronization of bits
 Line configuration
 Physical topology
 Transmission mode

2.12
 Figure 2.6 Data link layer

The data link layer is responsible for moving

frames from one hop (node) to the next.

2.13
 Function of The Data link layer

 Framing
 Physical addressing
 Flow control
 Error control
 Access control

2.14
 Figure 2.7 Hop-to-hop delivery

2.15
 Figure 2.8 Network layer

The network layer is responsible for the delivery of

individual packets from the source host to the
destination host.

2.16
 Function of The Network layer

 Logical addressing
 Routing

2.17
 Figure 2.9 Source-to-destination delivery

2.18
 Figure 2.10 Transport layer

The transport layer is responsible for the delivery

of a message from one process to another.

2.19
 Function of The Transport layer

 Service – point addressing

 Segmentation & reassembly
 Connection control
 Flow control
 Error control

2.20
 Figure 2.11 Reliable process-to-process delivery of a message

2.21
Figure 2.12 Session layer

The session layer is responsible for dialog

control and synchronization.

2.22
 Function of The Session layer

 Dialog control
 Synchronization

2.23
 Figure 2.13 Presentation layer

The presentation layer is responsible for translation,

compression, and encryption.

2.24
 Function of The Presentation layer

 Translation
 Encryption
 Compression

2.25
2.26
 Figure 2.14 Application layer

The application layer is responsible for

providing services to the user.

2.27
 Function of The Application layer

 Network virtual terminal

 File transfer, access management (FTAM)
 Mail services
 Directory services

2.28
 Figure 2.15 Summary of layers

2.29
 Comparison of the OSI & TCP
reference Models
 The OSI has seven layers while TCP/IP has five layers.
 The OSI supports both connectionless and connection-
oriented communication in the network layer but only
connection-oriented in the transport layer which is
visible to the user. TCP/IP supports only connectionless
services on the network layer but gives options in the
transport layer for both connectionless and connection-
oriented services. The later option is a very important
and useful factor.
Network layer Transport layer

OSI C.O. & C.L C.O.

TCP/IP C.O. C.O. & C.L

2.30
 Comparison of the OSI & TCP reference Models
 The OSI reference model was devised before the protocols were
invented while The TCP/IP the reverse was true: the protocol came
first, and the model was really just a description of the existing
protocols.
 Three concepts are central to the OSI model:
 1.Services 2. Interfaces 3. Protocols
The service define what the layer does, not how entities above it
access it or how the layer works.
The Interface tells the process above it how to access it.
The Protocols used in the layer are the layer’s own business. It can
use any protocols it wants to , as long as it gets the job done. It can
also change them at will without affecting software in higher layers.
While The TCP/IP model did not originally clearly distinguish
between services, interfaces and protocols.
 The protocols in the OSI model are better hidden than in the TCP/IP
model and can be replaced relatively easily as the technology
changes.

2.31
 2-4 TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE

1. The layers in the TCP/IP protocol suite do not

exactly match those in the OSI model. The original
TCP/IP protocol suite was defined as having four
layers: host-to-network, internet, transport, and
application.
2. However, when TCP/IP is compared to OSI, we can
say that the TCP/IP protocol suite is made of five
layers: physical, data link, network, transport, and
application.
3. Topics covered:
1. Physical and Data Link Layers
2. Network Layer
3. Transport Layer
4. Application Layer
2.32
 Figure 2.16 TCP/IP and OSI model

2.33
 2-5 ADDRESSING
Four levels of addresses are used in an internet
employing the TCP/IP protocols: physical, logical, port,
and specific.

Topics discussed in this section:

Figure 2.17 Addresses in TCP/IP

2.34
 Figure 2.18 Relationship of layers and addresses in TCP/IP

2.35
 Figure 2.19 Physical addresses

1. A node with physical address 10 sends a frame to a

node with physical address 87. The two nodes are
connected by a link (bus topology LAN).
2. The computer with physical address 10 is the
sender, and the computer with physical address 87
is the receiver.
3. In most data link protocols, the destination address
2.36 (87) comes before the source address (10).
 Most local-area networks use a 48-bit (6-byte) physical
address written as 12 hexadecimal digits; every byte (2
hexadecimal digits) is separated by a colon.

07:01:02:01:2C:4B

A 6-byte (12 hexadecimal digits) physical address.

2.37
 Figure 2.20 IP addresses

2.38
 Figure 2.21 Port addresses

Read k in place
of a

2.39