CHEMICAL PESTICIDES

USE AND ABUSE

AGRO CHEMICALS TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
MAM- 698

Submitted To: Submitted By:

Dr. K P Singh Katyaeni Ghildiyal
ID No. 44545
 CHEMICAL PESTICIDES

 Any chemical substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying,

repelling, or mitigating any pest.

 Chemical pesticides are classified into organochlorine, organophosphates, carbamates

and pyrethoids .

 Total as well as per hectare consumption of

pesticides in India show significant increase
after the year 2009-10.

 Per hectare use of pesticide in India is

much lower as compared to other countries.
SHARE OF PESTICIDE GROUPS IN
TOTAL PESTICIDE PRODUCTION
• Pesticide production is dominated by
insecticides and fungicides followed by
herbicides and rodenticides.

• The share of insecticides has come down

from more than 70% in 2003-04 to 39%
in 2016-17.

• The share of fungicides, herbicides and

rodenticides are growing over the period.

• In 2016-17 production share for :

Extremely hazardous pesticide 6.62%
Highly hazardous 4.81%
Moderately hazardous 38.26%
Slightly hazardous 6.79%
USES OF CHEMICAL PESTICIDE
 IMPROVED PRODUCTIVITY

 Pesticides help farmers to produce more with less land

 Pesticides are important tool for the sustainable production of high quality food and
fibers.

 Allow farmers to maximize the benefits of other valuable agricultural tools, such as high
quality seeds, fertilizers and water resources.

 They enable farmers to produce more crops per unit area with less tillage, thus reducing
deforestation, conserving natural resources and curbing soil erosion.

 Pesticides increase the crop productivity by between 20 and 50 percent.

 Pesticides are also critical for the control of invasive species and noxious weeds.
 CROP LOSS PROTECTION

 About 30-35% of the annual crop yield in India gets wasted because of pests.

 Nematodes cause loss of 60 million tonnes or 10-12 % of crop production every year.

 Weeds reduce yield of dry land crops by 37–79%.

 Severe infestation of weeds, particularly in the early stage of crop establishment,

ultimately accounts for a yield reduction of 40%.

 Herbicides provide both an economic and labour benefit by removing the hardship of
hand weeding.

 Crop losses due to pests and diseases are a major threat to incomes of rural families and
to food security worldwide.
TYPE OF PESTICIDE TARGET PEST

Fungicide Fungi

Insecticide Insects

Herbicides Weeds

Nematocides Nematodes

Rodenticides Rodents

Molluscicides Snails, slugs

Algicides Algae

Avicides Birds
 CONTROL OF DISEASES

 Vector-borne diseases are among the major causes of illness and death, particularly in
tropical and subtropical countries.

 Vector control constitutes an important element in the current global strategy for the
control of major vector-borne diseases.

 Chemical control remains an important element in an integrated approach to vector

control.

 The use of vector control insecticides was dominated by organochlorines i.e., DDT in
terms of quantity applied (71% of total) and by pyrethroids in terms of the surface or area
covered (81% of total).

 Larvicides are chemicals designed to be applied directly to water to control mosquito

larvae.
ABUSE OF CHEMICAL PESTICIDES
 PESTICIDE IMPACT ON PREDATORS
AND POLLINATORS
 Pesticides causes direct loss of predators and insect pollinators.

 The decline of pollinating species leads to an indirect loss of plant species because of the lack of
adequate populations of pollinators.

 Neonicotinoids and coumaphos could affect bees brains.

 Bees that feed on neonicotinoid contaminated pollen and nectar produces fewer offspring.

 Affect predator behavior and their life-history parameters including growth rate, development
time, and other reproductive functions.

 Poisonous and are known to cause significant oxidative stress.

 E.g. Glyphosate-based herbicides affected behavior and survival of spiders and ground beetles
in the eastern USA.
 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF
PESTICIDES ON WILDLIFE
SECONDARY POISONING-
 It occurs when a predator eats an animal that has previously been poisoned by a
commercial pesticide (bioaccumulation) .

 Eg. The large scale death of peacocks in Adesar sanctuary area in Kutch in September.

METALDEHYDE-
 It is highly toxic by inhalation, moderately toxic by ingestion, and slightly toxic by
dermal absorption.

 This chemical has a label of “Restricted Use Pesticide” because of its potential short- and
long-term effects on wildlife.

 A neurotoxicant, as it produces CNS depression, convulsions, and violent muscular

contractions in several mammalian species following acute exposure.
 • Egg shell thinning in birds
• Endocrine disruptor
• Thyroid disruption properties in rodents, birds, amphibians and fish
DDT • Carcinogenic

• Thyroid disruption properties in rodents, birds, amphibians and fish.

• Impaired metabolic functions.
• Interact with vertebrate immune systems
CARBAMATE • Acute mortality attributed to inhibition of acetylcholine esterase activity.

• Respiratory, cardiovascular, neurological, and immunological toxicity in rats and

humans.
NICOTINOID

• Thyroid disruption properties in rodents, birds, amphibians and fish

• Immunotoxicity primarily caused by the inhibition of esterase
ORGANO • Oxidative damage
PHOSPHATES • Impaired metabolic functions
 EFFECT ON NUTRIENT CYCLING
 A large proportional of pesticides used in the environment ultimately reaches the soil and
act as persistent contaminants.

 Decreases the general biodiversity in the soil and vegetative cover of the ground, thus
promoting soil erosion via runoff and wind.

 Nitrogen fixation, which is required for the growth of higher plants, is hindered by
pesticides in soil.

 The insecticides DDT, methyl parathion, and especially pentachlorophenol have been
shown to interfere with legume-rhizobium chemical signaling.

 Reduction of this symbiotic chemical signaling results in reduced nitrogen fixation and
thus reduced crop yields.
EFFECT ON FOOD CHAIN AND FOODWEB
 Organisms in ecosystems exist in complex interdependent associations.

 Losses of one keystone species results in a range of dramatic cascading effects.

 Alters trophic dynamics, other food-web connections and can cause the extinction of
other species in the community.

 Disrupt the dynamics of the food webs in the community by breaking the existing dietary
linkages between species.

 Sea otters are known to be keystone species in marine ecosystems that limits the density
of sea urchins.