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• Create a better understanding of the

principles of ergonomics
• Guide us through an evaluation and adjustment
of their workstation.
• Outline exercises designed to reduce the risk of
injury.

BVT: MEDICAL ERGONOMICS FOR OFFICE WORKERS


KIM A. DECENA, MD 1-20-09
Scientific discipline primarily
concerned
with the application of
natural laws
governing human work
BVT: MEDICAL ERGONOMICS FOR OFFICE WORKERS
A. DECENA, MD 1-20-09
KIM
• Industrial, production, design
engineers
• Work physiologist/ occupational
therapist
• Medical and occupational health
and safety professionals
• Industrial Hygienists

BVT: MEDICAL ERGONOMICS FOR OFFICE WORKERS KIM


A. DECENA, MD 1-20-09
• Human body size (anthropometry)
• Bodily response to internal and
external forces (biomechanics)
• Work and environmental physiology
• Human behavior response to work
• Information processing and decision
making (skill psychology)
• Training and effort perception
• Adapting equipment and device for
human use
BVT: MEDICAL ERGONOMICS FOR OFFICE WORKERS KIM
A. DECENA, MD 1-20-09
• NECESARY IF PARTICULAR JOB CAUSES
ADVERSE
HEALTH
DIRECTLY EFFECT
AFFECT:
JOB ( ENGINEERING ADAPTATION)
WORKER (ADMINISTRATIVE INTERVENTION)
 BIOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF THE JOB
 JOB TASK ROTATION
 TRAINING PROGRAMS

BVT: MEDICAL ERGONOMICS FOR OFFICE WORKERS KIM


A. DECENA, MD 1-20-09
CLASSIFICATION:
A. WORKER TRAINING
B. WORKER SELECTION
C. WORKPLACE
ACCOMMODATION/JOB
REDESIGN

BVT: MEDICAL ERGONOMICS FOR OFFICE WORKERS KIM


A. DECENA, MD 1-20-09
A. WORKER TRAINING:
• Wide Acceptance
• Intensive campaign to
educate workers
Fitness and stretching
exercises
Back support belts
Postural
BVT: MEDICAL
A. DECENA, MD 1-20-09
instructions
ERGONOMICS FOR OFFICE WORKERS KIM
B. WORKER SELECTION
• Strategy for strenous job
• Match worker capacity and job
requirements
• Method of choice if job
redesign/engineering
modification cannot be
performed
BVT: MEDICAL ERGONOMICS FOR OFFICE WORKERS KIM
A. DECENA, MD 1-20-09
C. WORKPLACE
ACCOMMODATION/JOB
REDESIGN

• CTD not prevented by


selecting workers
• Most effective ergonomic
A.intervention
BVT: MEDICAL ERGONOMICS FOR OFFICE WORKERS KIM
DECENA, MD 1-20-09
Assessment should begin
with
evaluation of individual’s
workstation

BVT: MEDICAL ERGONOMICS FOR OFFICE WORKERS KIM


A. DECENA, MD 1-20-09
Work Station Reach Zone
EASY REACH ZONE
• Determined by moving
hands and forearms with
elbows at sides and
shoulders relaxed
• 16" to 18" in front of their
body

BVT: MEDICAL ERGONOMICS FOR OFFICE WORKERS KIM


A. DECENA, MD 1-20-09
Work Station Reach Zone
MAXIMUM REACH ZONE
• How far they can reach,
without leaning forward
• 26" to 34" in front of their body
• Less frequently used items

BVT: MEDICAL ERGONOMICS FOR OFFICE WORKERS KIM


A. DECENA, MD 1-20-09
CUSTOMIZING THE WORK STATION

Accountant's Work Area Receptionist's Work Area

BVT: MEDICAL ERGONOMICS FOR OFFICE WORKERS KIM


A. DECENA, MD 1-20-09
LEFT HANDED WORK STATION
RIGHT HANDED WORK STATION

• Determined by location of keyboard relative to


work area
• Identified by laterality of writing surface

BVT: MEDICAL ERGONOMICS FOR OFFICE WORKERS KIM


A. DECENA, MD 1-20-09
SEATED
WORKSTATION
STANDING
WORKSTATION
BVT: MEDICAL ERGONOMICS FOR OFFICE WORKERS KIM
A. DECENA, MD 1-20-09
• Items to be handled
< 10 lbs
• Fine-motor tasks
predominate work
• Hand < 6 inches
from work station
• All items within
reach from seated
position.
BVT: MEDICAL ERGONOMICS FOR OFFICE WORKERS KIM
A. DECENA, MD 1-20-09
• Top of computer
monitor in line with
workers eye
• Allow for downward
gaze angle of 15
degrees (maintain the
cervical lordotic)

BVT: MEDICAL ERGONOMICS FOR OFFICE WORKERS KIM


A. DECENA, MD 1-20-09
Individual with eyeglass:
• Pay particular attention to
placement of monitor
• Unknowingly tilting head
backward may lead to neck
and shoulder discomfort
• Potential Solution:
a. Lower monitor
b. Eyeglass specific for
computer

BVT: MEDICAL ERGONOMICS FOR OFFICE WORKERS KIM


A. DECENA, MD 1-20-09
• Adjust the tilt of the monitor so that the screen
is free of glare

MONITOR AT USE FILE


USE GLARE FOLDER OR
RIGHT SCREEN
ANGLE WITH A SCREEN
TILT THE MONITOR LIGHT HOOD
DOWN SLIGHTLY SOURCE

BVT: MEDICAL ERGONOMICS FOR OFFICE WORKERS KIM


A. DECENA, MD 1-20-09
•Worker directly in
front of the screen
(Decrease excessive
cervical rotation or
coupled side 
Too close bending)
eyestrain
Too far  slouch
forward
thus increase the
• Optimum
stress in distance
the
from monitor
spine is 12 to
18 inches or one arm
length
BVT: MEDICAL ERGONOMICS FOR OFFICE WORKERS KIM
A. DECENA, MD 1-20-09
ARMRESTS:
• Elbows at <
70-90°
• Slightly below
elbows
• Arms hang
comfortably
at sides
BVT: MEDICAL ERGONOMICS FOR OFFICE WORKERS KIM
A. DECENA, MD 1-20-09
UPPER EXTREMITY
POSITION
• Neutral,shoulder
s relax at side
• Elbows flexed to
70-90 degrees

BVT: MEDICAL ERGONOMICS FOR OFFICE WORKERS KIM


A. DECENA, MD 1-20-09
HEIGHT OF THE
WORKSTATION
Too high
Too high
• Abduct or elevate the
shoulder
• Increase sustained
muscle contraction
• Compensates with wrist
ulnar deviation
Too low
• Slouch in chair
• Rounding of upper back
• Flattening of lumbar
lordosis
BVT: MEDICAL ERGONOMICS FOR OFFICE
• WORKERS KIM
Increase in forward head
A. DECENA, MD 1-20-09
HEIGHT

• Allow good
clearance while
feet place on the
floor
• Knees
maintained in
90-105
BVT: MEDICAL
A. DECENA, MD
degrees
ERGONOMICS FOR OFFICE WORKERS
1-20-09
KIM
HEIGHT
Too low
• Increase pressure in ischial
tuberosity
• Increase elbow flexion and
wrist
extension as worker reaches
for the
keyboard
Too high
• Forced to sit forward in chair
without lumbar support
BVT: MEDICAL ERGONOMICS FOR OFFICE WORKERS
KIM A. DECENA, MD • Increase compressive forces
1-20-09
SEAT DEPTH
• Allow 1-4 inches
between the popliteal
fossa and the front of
the seat
Shorter
• Require the buttocks and
upper thigh to sustain
excessive pressure
Longer
• Impede circulation
behind knees
BVT: MEDICAL ERGONOMICS FOR OFFICE WORKERS KIM
A. DECENA, MD 1-20-09
BACK
• ReduceREST
fatigue
(decreasing
sustained
contraction of the
back muscle)
• Deep to support the
lumbar curve while
maintaining the
thoracic
BVT: MEDICAL
A. DECENA, MD
spine
ERGONOMICS in
FOR OFFICE
1-20-09
WORKERS KIM
• Handle object more
than
10 lbs
• Extended reach is
required
• Move between
station
• Occupation
requiring
BVT: MEDICAL ERGONOMICS FOR OFFICE WORKERS
A. DECENA, MD 1-20-09
KIM
VY WORK IS COMPLETED IN THE LOWEST WORK HEIGH

75-90 cms for MEN


70-85 cms for WOMEN

BVT: MEDICAL ERGONOMICS FOR OFFICE WORKERS KIM


A. DECENA, MD 1-20-09
LIGHT WORK IS COMPLETED IN THE
FOLLOWING LEVELS
LIGHT
90-95cms for MEN
85-90cms for WOMEN

Allow activities to be
completed 5 cms
below the
waistline.

BVT: MEDICAL ERGONOMICS FOR OFFICE WORKERS KIM


A. DECENA, MD 1-20-09
ON WORK SHOULD BE BETWEEN THE FOLLOWING LEVE

100-110 cms for MEN


95-105 cms for WOMEN

Allow work to be
completed app. 7-10
cms,
above waist line, arm
parallel with the floor
BVT: MEDICAL ERGONOMICS FOR OFFICE WORKERS KIM
A. DECENA, MD 1-20-09
• Total body posture is
important
• Practice adjusting your work
station to achieve neutral
posture

BVT: MEDICAL ERGONOMICS FOR OFFICE WORKERS KIM


A. DECENA, MD 1-20-09
• Avoid static positions
• PROLONG SITTING Increase IV
disc pressure
Pooling
of blood into the
legs
• Change position every 20-30 minutes
to increase blood circulation
• Alternating work task with 5 mins
break/hr
BVT: MEDICAL ERGONOMICS FOR OFFICE WORKERS KIM
A. DECENA, MD 1-20-09
• 90 DEGREE POSTURE
• RECLINING POSTURE
• FORWARD TILT POSTURE
• STANDING POSTURE

BVT: MEDICAL ERGONOMICS FOR OFFICE WORKERS KIM


A. DECENA, MD 1-20-09
90 DEGREE POSTURE

• Elbows, hips and knees bent at right


angles and feet flat on the floor or on a
footrest.
• Biomechanically correct

BVT: MEDICAL ERGONOMICS FOR OFFICE WORKERS KIM


A. DECENA, MD 1-20-09
RECLINING POSTURE
• Lean back 10o - 20o into the chair's
backrest feet out in front to open
up the angle at hips and knees.
• Helps relax back muscles and
promotes blood circulation.
• Leaning back too far result in
awkward neck posture trying to
keep head upright.

BVT: MEDICAL ERGONOMICS FOR OFFICE WORKERS KIM


A. DECENA, MD 1-20-09
FORWARD TILT POSTURE
• Raise height of chair's seat a few
inches and tilt the front of it
downward about 8o.
• Open up hip angle and allow to
support some of weight using
legs rather than having it all rest
on hips and the backs of thighs.
• May not find this posture
comfortable if you have knee or
foot problems.
• Contoured chair seat can help to
hold you in place.

BVT: MEDICAL ERGONOMICS FOR OFFICE WORKERS KIM


A. DECENA, MD 1-20-09
STANDING POSTURE
• Provide biggest change in posture,
good alternative to prolonged sitting
• Fatiguing, however, have a counter
height chair at standing workstations,
or use a height adjustable sit/stand
workstation.
• Prop one foot up on a low footrest
occasionally to help shift your weight.

BVT: MEDICAL ERGONOMICS FOR OFFICE WORKERS KIM


A. DECENA, MD 1-20-09
BVT: MEDICAL ERGONOMICS FOR OFFICE WORKERS KIM
A. DECENA, MD 1-20-09
NEGATIVE POSITIVE TILT
TILT
BVT: MEDICAL ERGONOMICS FOR OFFICE WORKERS KIM
A. DECENA, MD 1-20-09
WHEN POSITIONING THE CURSOR
WITH A POINTING DEVICE

BVT: MEDICAL ERGONOMICS FOR OFFICE WORKERS KIM


A. DECENA, MD 1-20-09
Place the pointing device close
to the keyboard
BVT: MEDICAL ERGONOMICS FOR OFFICE WORKERS KIM
A. DECENA, MD 1-20-09
• Arm and hand are
dropped onto the
mouse as one
• Drape hand over
the mouse
• Small circular
motions
• Click by mid
section of the
finger
BVT: MEDICAL ERGONOMICS FOR OFFICE WORKERS
A. DECENA, MD 1-20-09
KIM
• FOCUSING REQUIRES MUSCLES OF EYES TO
KEEP IMAGE SHARP
• EYE SHIFT FROM DOCUMENT TO MONITOR
REQUIRES
REFOCUSING  EYE FATIGUE, EYESTRAIN OR
HEADACHE

BVT: MEDICAL ERGONOMICS FOR OFFICE WORKERS KIM


A. DECENA, MD 1-20-09
• Line of vision
• Same distance or closer
than the monitor
• Look at document and
monitor by moving eyes
only
• Next to monitor or
between monitor and
keyboard

BVT: MEDICAL ERGONOMICS FOR OFFICE WORKERS KIM


A. DECENA, MD 1-20-09
• Shorter (1-3 mins), more frequent
(every 30-60 mins.)
breaks( microbreaks or recovery
pause) given with usual breaks
reduce discomfort
• Change positions periodically can
promote circulation

BVT: MEDICAL ERGONOMICS FOR OFFICE WORKERS KIM


A. DECENA, MD 1-20-09
OFFICE ERGONOMICS

•WORKS/SEATED
UTER COMPUTER WORKS/SEATED
WORK CAUSE A NUMBER OF WORK
PROBLEM DUE TO:
CK OF WHOLE BODY MOVEMENT
CAUSE A
WKWARD POSTURE
NUMBER
PETITIVE MOTION OFUPPER
OF JOINT OF PROBLEM
BODY DUE TO:
TCHING AND EXERCISE PROGRAM USEFUL IN INCREASING
LACK OF WHOLE BODY MOVEMENT
OVEMENT AND CIRCULATION
AWKWARD POSTURE
REPETITIVE MOTION OF JOINT OF
UPPER BODY
• STRETCHING
• EXERCISE PROGRAM
- INCREASING MOVEMENT AND
CIRCULATION
BVT: MEDICAL ERGONOMICS FOR OFFICE WORKERS
A. DECENA, MD 1-20-09
KIM
OFFICE ERGONOMICS

•Reach behind head and place


hand on upper back, keeping
your arm close to your ear.
•Gently hold elbow with opposite
hand.
•Pull elbow toward the back of
your head and reach hand
toward the middle of back until
you feel a gentle stretch.
•Hold for 15 seconds.
•Relax, and repeat on the other
side

BVT: MEDICAL ERGONOMICS FOR OFFICE WORKERS KIM


A. DECENA, MD 1-20-09
OFFICE ERGONOMICS

ess hands away from body to stretch arms and shoulders.


ce fingers together and turn palms facing out.
raighten arms in front of you.
ld for 15 seconds.
lax and repeat.
BVT: MEDICAL ERGONOMICS FOR OFFICE WORKERS KIM
A. DECENA, MD 1-20-09
OFFICE ERGONOMICS

es the muscles of your chest, upper back and the back of neck.
gers together behind the head, bringing elbows back as far as p
eeply and lean back until feel muscles stretching.
20 seconds.
relax and repeat.
BVT: MEDICAL ERGONOMICS FOR OFFICE WORKERS KIM
A. DECENA, MD 1-20-09
OFFICE ERGONOMICS

•Tilt head toward one


side, gently pushing ear
toward your shoulder.
•Hold for 15 seconds.
•Lift your head into a
normal, upright position.
•Relax, and repeat three
times on each side

BVT: MEDICAL ERGONOMICS FOR OFFICE WORKERS KIM


A. DECENA, MD 1-20-09
OFFICE ERGONOMICS

•Slowly turn head and look to


one side until chin is parallel
with shoulder. Be sure to keep
shoulders straight ahead.
•Hold for three seconds.
•Repeat the same steps on the
other side.
•Drop your chin gently to your
chest before returning to the
upright starting position.
•Repeat all steps five times.

BVT: MEDICAL ERGONOMICS FOR OFFICE WORKERS KIM


A. DECENA, MD 1-20-09
OFFICE ERGONOMICS
•Start facing straight
ahead.
•Keeping back
straight, pull chin
toward chest until
you feel a stretch
along the back of
your neck.
•Hold for 10 to 15
seconds.
•Relax, return to
BVT: MEDICAL ERGONOMICS FOR OFFICE WORKERS KIM
your
A. starting
DECENA, MD 1-20-09
OFFICE ERGONOMICS

•Slowly bring shoulders up toward your ears.


•Hold for three seconds.
•Then, roll shoulders back and down.
•Relax and repeat five to 10 times
BVT: MEDICAL ERGONOMICS FOR OFFICE WORKERS KIM
A. DECENA, MD 1-20-09
OFFICE ERGONOMICS

•Sit forward in chair so that there's a


little room between back and the
back of the chair.
•Face forward and cross your right
leg over left.
•Put left hand on right knee, and
gently pull toward left side
•while slowly turning head and
shoulders to the right.
• Keep turning until you see the wall
behind your right shoulder. Don't
force the turn — go just until you feel
a nice stretch in your back. Hold for
eight to 10 seconds.
•Relax and repeat on the other side.
BVT: MEDICAL ERGONOMICS FOR OFFICE WORKERS KIM
A. DECENA, MD 1-20-09
OFFICE ERGONOMICS

•Move to the front of the chair


•Interlace your fingers behind the
back and feel the palms touching
each other
•Stretch feeling felt in front of the
chest and shoulders
•An easier alternative is to clasp
the hands together using just the
fingers and not the palms
•Take a deep breath in and let the
shoulders move even further
backwards, letting the head fall
back as well (this opens up the
front of the neck).
BVT: MEDICAL ERGONOMICS FOR OFFICE WORKERS KIM
A. DECENA, MD 1-20-09
OFFICE ERGONOMICS

•Exhale all the air, feeling the front of your body open up
as you extend backwards
•Hold this position for a few deep breaths
•SLOWLY bring your head back up to ensure that you do
not strain your neck.
BVT: MEDICAL ERGONOMICS FOR OFFICE WORKERS KIM
A. DECENA, MD 1-20-09
OFFICE ERGONOMICS

BVT: MEDICAL ERGONOMICS FOR OFFICE WORKERS KIM


A. DECENA, MD 1-20-09
OFFICE ERGONOMICS

Video Lower back stretches and hip stretches for the office - MayoClinic.com.flv

BVT: MEDICAL ERGONOMICS FOR OFFICE WORKERS KIM


A. DECENA, MD 1-20-09
OFFICE ERGONOMICS

Video Lower back stretches, standing, for the office - MayoClinic.com.flv

BVT: MEDICAL ERGONOMICS FOR OFFICE WORKERS KIM


A. DECENA, MD 1-20-09
OFFICE ERGONOMICS

Video Neck stretches for the office - MayoClinic.com.flv

BVT: MEDICAL ERGONOMICS FOR OFFICE WORKERS KIM


A. DECENA, MD 1-20-09
OFFICE ERGONOMICS

Video Shoulder stretches and upper back stretches for the office - MayoClinic.com.flv

BVT: MEDICAL ERGONOMICS FOR OFFICE WORKERS KIM


A. DECENA, MD 1-20-09
BVT: MEDICAL ERGONOMICS FOR OFFICE WORKERS KIM

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