CHAPTER: Four

Bending Members
Outline

1. Introduction.

2. Classification of Cross-sections

3. Bending Stress & Moment Capacity

4. Design of Beams
 4.0 Introduction
 Flexural members, otherwise known as beams, are structural elements

that span between or across supports carry principally lateral loads

which are resisted by bending and shear. However, deflections and
local stresses are also important.

 A beam may be defined as a member subjected essentially to bending

and shear force.

 Beams may be cantilevered, simply supported, fixed ended or

continuous

 The transverse loads cause internal shear forces and bending moments

in the beams as shown in Figure below.

 Cont’d . . .

 These internal shear forces and bending moments cause longitudinal

axial stresses and shear stresses in the cross-section
 The concepts of tension stress and compression stress are combined in
the treatment of a beam member.
 Cont’d . . .
 The main uses of beams are to support floors and columns, carry roof
sheeting as purlins, side cladding as sheeting rails, and to support
bridge decks.
 Beam sections should be proportioned such that to have the largest
moment of inertia.
 The followings are common Beam Sections:

 Universal Beam:- Most efficient section for uniaxial bending

 Universal Column:- Less efficient, can be used where the depth is

limited
 Compound Beam:- Universal Beam + Flanges used where Universal
Beams are not strong enough
 Cont’d . . .
 Crane Beam:- Universal Beam + Channel, used when the beam has to

resist both horizontal and vertical moments

 Channel, T and L sections are normally used for beams in roof trusses

as purlins and common rafters.

 4.1 Classification of Cross-sections
 The four classes of flexural members adapted by ES EN 1993_2015

based on the width-to-thickness ratios of their components are, Class 1

(plastic), Class 2 (Compact), Class 3 (Semi-compact), or Class 4 (thin-
walled) according to their capacity in the following manner.

 Class 1 cross sections, also known as plastic sections, can develop

their plastic moment resistance (fy times plastic moment resistance)

with the rotation capacity required for plastic analysis.

 Only cross sections falling in this class may only be used for plastic

design.
 Cont’d . . .
 Class 2 cross sections can develop their plastic moment resistance but

with limited rotation capacity. Cross-sections falling in this group are

also known as compact sections.

 Class 3 cross sections are those which can reach their “yield” moment

(fy times elastic modulus) but local buckling prevents the development
of the plastic moment resistance.

 In Class 3 sections, the stress in the extreme fibers should be limited

to the yield stress because local buckling prevents development of the
plastic moment capacity.

 Cross-sections falling in this group are also known as semi-compact

sections.
 Cont’d . . .
 Class 4 cross sections, also known as thin-walled cross-sections, are
those in which local buckling is liable to prevent the development of
the “yield” moment: i.e., premature buckling occurs before yield is
reached.
 According to ES EN 1993_2015, the classification of sections depends
on the classification of flange and web elements.
 The classification also depends on whether the compression elements
are in pure compression, pure bending or under the influence of
combined axial force and bending.
 While compression cases have been presented in Chapter three, the
case of combined axial and bending presented later in Chapter five.
The present Chapter presents classification of flexural members coated
 4.2. Bending Stress & Moment Capacity
 Elastic theory

 The bending stresses are distributed linearly across any section of the

beam as shown in the figure, the bending moment M is directly

proportional to the curvature.

 For Class 3 sections, the extreme fiber strain attains value 𝜀𝑦 and the

elastic stress distribution is shown in figure

𝑀𝑒 = 𝑓𝑦 𝑍
 Where Z is elastic section modulus
 Cont’d . . .
 Plastic theory

 Once yield strain of steel beam is exceeded the stress distribution is

no longer linear. In the plastic region after yield the strain increases
without increase in stress.
 As the moment increases the stress at the extreme fiber reaches the
yield stress and the plastic region proceeds inwards until the full
plastic moment is reached and a plastic hinge is formed.
𝑀𝑝 = 𝑓𝑦 𝑍

where Z is plastic section modulus

 The moment capacity of the section depends on the class of the
cross-section.
Cont’d . . .

1 2
 1 2

M p  A f y dA  y  A f y ydA  A f y ydA  f y A ydA  A ydA

 ydA  S M p  f y 2S
 Cont’d . . .
 To compare Me with MP let evaluate We and WP for rectangular

section.

bh 2 h h bh 2
W  and WP  2S  2b  
6 2 4 4

 Now the ratio between Plastic Moment and Elastic one is MP / Me

MP f yWP bh2 4 6
  2   1.5
Me f yWe bh / 6 4

 For the general cases; Where C is the Shape Coefficient of the section.
Cont’d . . .
 The most common values of the shape coefficient are as follow.
 4.3 Design and resistance of steel beam as per ES EN 1993
 The following criteria should be considered for establishing the

moment resistance of flexural members:

1. yielding of the cross section or its flexural strength
2. local buckling (Class 4 sections only)
3. lateral-torsional buckling
4. shear strength including shear buckling
5. local strength at points of loading or reaction; i.e., criteria for
concentrated loads
6. deflection criterion; with respect to serviceability limits
states,
 Cont’d . . .
 Flexural members are to be designed in such a way that both the

cross-sections resistance to applied loads be established and member

capacity verified against possible buckling failures.

 These will be presented subsequently for both ES EN 1993_2015.

4.3.1. Cross-sectional resistance to Bending and shear

4.3.1.1 Cross sectional Resistance for Pure bending

 The design value of the bending moment 𝑀𝐸𝑑 at each cross-section

𝑀𝐸𝑑
shall satisfy: ≤ 1.0
𝑀𝑐,𝑅𝑑

 The design resistance for bending about one principal axis of a cross-

section is determined as follows:

 Cont’d . . .
𝑊𝑝𝑙 𝑓𝑦
 𝑀𝑐,𝑅𝑑 = 𝑀𝑝𝑙,𝑅𝑑 = for class 1 or 2 cross-sections
𝛾𝑚𝑜

𝑊𝑒𝑙 𝑓𝑦
 𝑀𝑐,𝑅𝑑 = 𝑀𝑒𝑙,𝑅𝑑 = for class 3 cross-sections
𝛾𝑚𝑜

𝑊𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝑓𝑦
 𝑀𝑐,𝑅𝑑 = 𝑀𝑒𝑓𝑓,𝑅𝑑 = for class 4 cross-sections
𝛾𝑚𝑜

 Fastener holes in the tension flange may be ignored provided that for

𝐴𝑓,𝑛𝑒𝑡 0.9𝑓𝑢 𝐴𝑓 𝑓𝑦
the tension flange: ≥
𝛾𝑚2 𝛾𝑚𝑜

Where
𝐴𝑓 is the area of the tension flange
 Cont’d . . .
 Fastener holes in tension zone of the web need not be allowed for,

provided that the limit given in above is satisfied for the complete
tension zone comprising the tension flange plus the tension zone of the
web.
4.3.1.2 Resistance to shear:
 The shear resistance is either limited by the shear plastic resistance,

Vpl,Rd or the shear buckling resistance, Vb, Rd.

 The design value of the shear force 𝑉𝐸𝑑 at each cross section shall

𝑉𝐸𝑑
satisfy: ≤ 1.0
𝑉𝑐,𝑅𝑑

Where 𝑉𝑐,𝑅𝑑 is the design shear resistance.

 Cont’d . . .
 For plastic design 𝑉𝑐,𝑅𝑑 is the design plastic shear resistance 𝑉𝑝𝑙,𝑅𝑑 . For

elastic design 𝑉𝑐,𝑅𝑑 is the design elastic shear resistance 𝑉𝑏,𝑅𝑑 (shear
buckling resistance).
 In the absence of torsion the design plastic shear resistance is given by:

Vpl, Rd 

Av f y 3 
 The shear area 𝐴𝑣 may be taken as follows: M0
a. rolled I and H sections, load parallel to web 𝐴 − 2𝑏𝑡𝑓 + (𝑡𝑤 + 2𝑟)𝑡𝑓
but not less than 𝜂ℎ𝑤 𝑡𝑤

b. rolled channel sections, load parallel to web 𝐴 − 2𝑏𝑡𝑓 + (𝑡𝑤 + 𝑟)𝑡𝑓

𝑡𝑓
c. rolled T-section, load parallel to web 𝐴 − 𝑏𝑡𝑓 + (𝑡𝑤 + 2𝑟)
2
 Cont’d . . .
𝑡𝑓
d. welded T-section, load parallel to web 𝑡𝑤 (ℎ − )
2

e. welded I, H and box sections, load parallel to web 𝜂∑(ℎ𝑤 𝑡𝑤 )

f. welded I, H, channel and box sections, load parallel to flanges
A − ∑ ℎ𝑤 𝑡𝑤
g. rolled rectangular hollow sections of uniform thickness:
Load parallel to depth Ah/(b + h)
Load parallel to width Ab/(b + h)
 Cont’d . . .
h. circular hollow sections and tubes of uniform thickness
2𝐴Τ
𝜋

where A is the cross sectional area;

b is the overall breadth;
h is the overall depth;
ℎ𝑤 is the depth of the web;
r is the root radius;
𝑡𝑓 is the flange thickness
𝑡𝑤 is the web thickness (If the web thickness in not constant, 𝑡𝑤
should be taken as the minimum thickness.).
 Cont’d . . .
 The National Annex will define η. The value η = 1,20 is recommended

for steel grades up to and including S460. For higher steel grades η =
1,00 is recommended.

 Shear buckling resistance:

The shear buckling resistance of web shall be verified when:

 For an unstiffened web 𝑑

ൗ𝑡𝑤 > 69𝜀

 For a stiffened web 𝑑

ൗ𝑡𝑤 > 30𝜀 𝐾𝜏

• 𝐾𝜏, is buckling factor for shear and is given by:

- For unstiffened webs (webs with transverse stiffeners at the supports

but no intermediate transverse stiffeners). 𝐾𝜏, = 5.34
 Cont’d . . .
 For webs with transverse stiffeners at the supports and intermediate
transverse stiffeners with a/dw  1.0: 4
k  5.34 
a / d w 2
 For webs with transverse stiffeners at the supports and intermediate

transverse stiffeners with a/dw < 1.0: 5.34

k  4 
a / d w 2
Where “a” and dw are panel length between stiffeners, panel depth
between flanges respectively.

 Therefore the design buckling resistance:

𝑑𝑤 𝑡𝑤 𝜏𝑏
𝑉𝑏,𝑅𝑑 =
𝛾𝑚1
 Cont’d . . .
Where the design values of the mean shear strength 𝜏𝑏 should be
determined as follows :

𝑓𝑦𝑤
𝜏𝑏 = if 𝜆ҧ𝑤 ≤ 0.8
3

𝑓𝑦𝑤
𝜏𝑏 = 1 − 0.62 5 𝜆ҧ𝑤 − 0.8 if 0.8 < 𝜆ҧ𝑤 <1.2
3

0.9 𝑓𝑦𝑤
𝜏𝑏 = ഥ𝑤 if 𝜆ҧ𝑤 ≥ 1.2
𝜆 3

In which 𝜆ҧ𝑤 is the web slenderness given by:

𝑑ൗ
𝜆ҧ𝑤 =
𝑡𝑤
37.4𝜀 𝐾𝜏
 4.2.1.3.Resistance for bending and shear.
 The theoretical plastic moment resistance of a cross section is reduced
by the presence of shear. For small values of the shear force this
reduction is so small, that it is counter balanced by strain hardening
and may be neglected. However, when the shear force exceeds half the
plastic shear resistance, allowance shall be made for its effect on the
plastic moment resistance. Provided that the design value of the shear
force doesn’t exceed 50% of the design plastic shear resistance Vpl,rd
no reduction need be made in the resistance moments.
 When Vsd exceeds 50% of Vpl,rd the design resistance moment of the
cross section should be reduced to Mv,rd the reduced plastic resistance
moment allowing for the shear force obtained as follows:
 Cont’d . . .
 Based on reducing the characteristic yield strength of the cross-section

which is given by: (1 − 𝜌)𝑓𝑦 .

2
2𝑉𝐸𝑑
Where 𝜌= −1
𝑉𝑝𝑙,𝑅𝑑

 The reduced design plastic resistance moment allowing for the shear
force may alternatively be obtained for I-cross-sections with equal
flanges and bending about the major axis as follows:

𝜌𝐴2
𝑊𝑝𝑙,𝑦 − 𝑤 𝑓𝑦
4𝑡𝑤
𝑀𝑦,𝑣,𝑅𝑑 = but 𝑀𝑦,𝑣,𝑅𝑑 ≤ 𝑀𝑦,𝑐,𝑅𝑑
𝛾𝑚𝑜

Where 𝐴𝑤 = ℎ𝑤 𝑡𝑤
 4.3.2. Member resistance(Lateral-torsional buckling of beam)
 Beam cross-sections are proportioned such that moment of inertia
about the major principal axis is larger than that of the minor axis.
 As a result the beam is weak in resistance to torsion and to
bending about the minor axis. When the beam has a higher
bending stiffness in the vertical plane compared with the
horizontal plane, the beam can twist sideways under the action of
the load as shown in the Figure below and these situation is known
as lateral – torsional buckling.
 Cont’d . . .
 LTB involves both lateral deflection (u) and twisting about a

vertical axis through the web (φ). Thus LTB influence the design
of laterally unrestrained beams in much the same way that
flexural buckling influence the design of columns.
 Cont’d . . .

 Consideration of lateral-torsional buckling may be ignored for

the following beams:
 Bending only takes place about the minor axis
Beams laterally restrained throughout their length by adequate
bracing
Non-dimensional lateral slenderness parameter 𝜆ҧ𝐿𝑡 ≤ 0.4
 Elastic Critical Moment for LTB . .
 In the study of lateral-torsional buckling of beams, the Elastic Critical

Moment 𝑴𝒄𝒓 plays a fundamental role; this quantity is defined as the

maximum value of bending moment supported by a beam, free from
any type of imperfections.

 The basic model used to illustrate the theory of LTB is shown in the

next slide. It assumes the following conditions:

– Beam initially straight
– Elastic behavior
– Uniform equal flanged I-section
– End simply supported in lateral plane (twist and lateral
deflection prevented, no rotational restraint in plan)
 Elastic Critical Moment for LTB . .
– Loaded by equal and opposite end moment in plan of the web.

 Therefore the beam is shown in a buckled position as shown in

the next slide. This load is known as critical buckling moment.

 Cont’d . . .
 The magnitude of the applied load necessary to hold its position is

determined by equating the disturbing effects of the end moments,

acting through the buckling deformation, to the internal ( bending and
torsional) resistance of the section.
 Cont’d . . .
 Thus the critical buckling moment is given, based up on different
criteria as follows:
 The elastic critical moment for lateral-torsional buckling of a
beam of uniform symmetrical cross section with equal flanges,
under standard conditions of restraint at each end, loaded through
its shear centre and subjected to uniform moment is given by:
0.5
 EI z  I w
2
L GIt 
2
M cr    2 
L  I z  EI z 
2

 The standard conditions of restraint at each end are:

 Restrained against lateral movement
 Restrained against rotation about the longitudinal axis
 Free to rotate in plane
 Cont’d . . .
 In the case of a beam of uniform cross-section which is symmetrical

about the minor axis, for bending about the major axis the elastic
critical moment for lateral-torsional buckling is given by the general
formula:

0.5
2
𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼𝑧 𝐾 𝐼𝑤 𝐾𝐿 2 𝐺𝐼𝑡 2
𝑀𝑐𝑟 = 𝐶1 2
൞቎ + 2
+ (𝐶2 𝑍𝑔 − 𝐶3 𝑍𝑗 ) ൪
𝐾𝐿 𝐾𝑤 𝐼𝑧 𝜋 𝐸𝐼𝑧
Cont’d . . .
Cont’d . . .
 Cont’d . . .
𝑍𝑔 = 𝑍𝑎 − 𝑍𝑠
𝑍𝑎 is co-ordinate of point of load application
𝑍𝑠 is co-ordinate of the shear center

K refers to end rotation on plan. ES EN 1993 recommends K values of:

– 0.5 for fully fixed ends,
– 0.7 for one free and one fixed end
– 1.0 for two free ends.

𝐾𝑤 is taken as 1, unless provision for warping fixing is made

 Cont’d . . .
 For beams with doubly symmetric cross-sections and loaded through
its shear centre 𝑀𝑐𝑟 is given by
2 0.5
𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼𝑧 𝐾 𝐼𝑤 𝐾𝐿 2 𝐺𝐼
𝑡
𝑀𝑐𝑟 = 𝐶1 +
(𝐾𝐿)2 𝐾𝑤 𝐼𝑧 𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼𝑧

 When K= 𝐾𝑤 = 1 (no end fixity):

0.5
𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼𝑧 𝐼𝑤 𝐿2 𝐺𝐼𝑡
𝑀𝑐𝑟 = 𝐶1 2 ൥ + 2
൩
𝐿 𝐼𝑧 𝜋 𝐸𝐼𝑧
Where
It is the torsional Constant
Iw is the warping constant
Iz is the second moment of area about the minor axis
L is the length of the beam between points which have lateral
restraint.
 4.3.2.1. Design Buckling Resistance Moment
 A laterally unrestrained member subject to major axis bending should
be verified against lateral-torsional buckling as follows:
𝑀𝐸𝑑
≤ 1.0
𝑀𝑏,𝑅𝑑
where
𝑀𝐸𝑑 is the design value of the moment
𝑀𝑏,𝑅𝑑 is the design buckling resistance moment.

 Beams with sufficient restraint to the compression flange are not

susceptible to lateral-torsional buckling. In addition, beams with
certain types of cross-sections, such as square or circular hollow
sections, fabricated circular tubes or square box sections are not
susceptible to lateral-torsional buckling.
 Cont’d . . .
 The design buckling resistance moment of a laterally
unrestrained beam should be taken as:

fy
Mb,Rd = χLt Wy
γm1

Where Wy is the appropriate section modulus as follows:

Wy = WPl,y for Class 1 or 2 cross-sections
Wy = Wel,y Wel,y for Class 3 cross-sections

Wy = Weff,y Weff,y for Class 4 cross-sections

χLt is the reduction factor for lateral-torsional buckling.
Lateral torsional buckling curves – General case
 For bending members of constant cross-section, the value of χLt for the

appropriate non-dimensional slenderness 𝜆ҧ𝐿𝑡 , should be determined

from:

1
χLt = 𝑏𝑢𝑡χLt ≤ 1
2
Φ𝐿𝑡 + 2
Φ𝐿𝑡 ҧ
− 𝜆𝐿𝑡

Where

ΦLt = 0.5 1 + 𝑎𝐿𝑡 𝜆ҧ𝐿𝑡 − 0.2 + 𝜆2ҧ𝐿𝑡

Recommended values for imperfection factors for lateral torsional

buckling curves:
Cont’d . . .
 Table 6.4: Recommended values for lateral torsional buckling
curves

𝑊𝑦 𝑓𝑦
𝜆ҧ𝐿𝑡 =
𝑀𝑐𝑟

𝑀𝑐𝑟 is the elastic critical moment for lateral-torsional buckling

Cont’d . . .
 Alternatively, values of the reduction factor χLt for the appropriate non-
dimensional slenderness 𝜆ҧ𝐿𝑡 may be obtained from Figure 6.4.
 Resistance of web to transverse forces
 In addition to shear and bending stress in the web of a beam, there are
compressive stress in the vertical direction because of bearing of the
load on the flanges.
 The resistance of an unstiffened web to transverse forces applied
through a flange, is governed by one of the following modes of failure:
a) Crushing of the web close to the flange, accompanied by plastic
deformation of the flange. See fig. (a).
b) Crippling of the web in the form of localized buckling and crushing of
the web close to the flange, accompanied by deformation of the flange.
See fig. (b).
c) Buckling of the web over most of the depth of the member. See fig.(c).
 Cont’d . . .

 Buckling: is characterized by a sudden sideways failure of a structural

member subjected to high compressive stress, where the compressive

stress at the point of failure is less than the ultimate compressive stress
that the material is capable of withstanding.
 Cont’d . . .
 Crippling: is just like buckling, but it happens in the web, close

to the flange of a beam when it is being compressed. It often

occurs at the supports of a beam, where the bottom flange is
resting on a support, and the top flange is holding up the load,
such as on a bridge abutment. The web in these areas is subject
to crippling, so plates are often welded in perpendicular to
the web from the top flange to the bottom flange.

 Crushing: failure occurs when short columns experience super

heavy loads that exceed the material limits.

 Cont’d . . .
 A distinction is made between two types of load application, as
follows:
 Forces applied through one flange and resisted by shear in the web, in
this case the resistance of the web to transverse forces should be taken
as the smaller of:
I) The crushing resistance.
II) The crippling resistance.
 Forces applied to one flange and transferred through the web directly
to the other flange. In this case the resistance of the web to transverse
forces should be taken as the smaller of:
I) The crushing resistance.
II) The buckling resistance
Cont’d . . .
 Cont’d . . .
 Length of stiff bearing

 The length of stiff bearing on the flange is the distance

over which the applied force is effectively distributed.

 The resistance of the web to transverse forces is

influenced by the length of stiff bearing.

 The length of stiff bearing 𝑆𝑠 should be determined by

dispersion of load through solid steel material which is

properly fixed in place at a slope of 1 : 1, see Figure NS
Cont’d . . .

Length of stiff bearing 𝑆𝑠

 Cont’d . . .
(a). Crushing Resistance.

 The design crushing resistance of the web of an I, H or U section

=(𝑆𝑠 +𝑆𝑦 )𝑡𝑤 𝑓𝑦𝑤

should be obtained from: 𝑅𝑦,𝑅𝑑 ൗ𝛾𝑚1

𝑆𝑠 At the end of a member should be halved.

but 𝑏𝑓 should not be taken as more than 25 𝑡𝑓

where 𝜎𝐸𝑑 is the longitudinal stress in the flange.

 Cont’d . . .
(b).Crippling Resistance
 The design crippling resistance Ra,rd of the web of an I, H or U section

should be obtained from:

𝑡𝑓 𝑡𝑤 𝑆𝑠
+3
2 𝐸𝑓
𝑡𝑤 𝑡𝑓 𝑑
𝑅𝑎,𝑅𝑑 = 0.5𝑡𝑤 𝑦𝑤
𝛾𝑚1

Where Ss is the length of stiff bearing as seen befor

Ss/d should not be taken as more than 0.2

Where the member is also subjected to bending moments, the following

criteria should be satisfied;
 Cont’d . . .
(c).Buckling Resistance
 The design buckling resistance Rb,rd of the web of an I, H or U section
should be obtained by considering the web as a virtual compression
member with an effective width beff :
 Near the ends of a member (or at openings in the web) the effective
width beff should not be taken as greater than the width actually
available, measured at mid-depth
 The buckling resistance should be determine from chapter three using
buckling curve c.
 The buckling length of the virtual compression member should be
determined from the conditions of lateral and rotational restraint at the
flanges at the point of load application.
Cont’d . . .
Cont’d . . .
 4.3.Deflections.
 Deflection is a serviceability consideration. As a result service loads

(un factored loads) are used in calculating beam deflections.

 max  1   2   0

 Where: δmax – is the sagging in the final state relative to the straight
line joining the supports
δ0 – is the pre-camber of the beam in unloaded state, (state 0)
δ1 – is the variation of the deflection of the beam due to the
permanent loads immediately after load, (state 1)
 δ2 – is the variation of the deflection of the beam due to the variable
loading plus any time dependent deformation due to the permanent
load, (state 2).
 4.3.1 Limiting values for deflection.
4.3.1.1 Vertical deflection:

Limits
Conditions
δ max δ2
Roof generally L/200 L/250
Roof frequently carrying personnel other than
for maintenance. L/250 L/300
Floor generally L/250 L/300
Floors and roofs supporting plaster or other
brittle finish or non-flexible partitions. L/250 L/350
Floors supporting columns (unless the
deflection has been included in the global
analysis for the ultimate limit state). L/400 L/500
Where δ max can impair the appearance of the
building L/250
 4.3.1.2 Horizontal deflection
 For horizontal deflection the recommended limits at the tops of the

columns are:

 Portal frames without gantry cranes: h/150

 Other single story building: h/300

 In multi-story building:

(i) in each story h/300

(ii) on the structure as a whole h0/500

Where h is the height of the column or of the storey

h0 is the overall height of the structure.

 Example
1. Design a simple supported beam of S 275 steel grade. The span of
the beam is 5.00 m. The top flange is embedded in a reinforced
concrete floor providing sufficient restraint against lateral-
torsional buckling. The beam carries a uniformly distributed load of
20KN/m permanent load and 20kN/m imposed load.

Solution:

The factored loads are:

Imposed load: 1.5 x 20 = 30KN/m

Permanent load: 1.35 x 20 = 27KN/m.

 Cont’d . . .
Step 1: Maximum bending moment and Shear force.(Analysis)
 Cont’d . . .
Step 2. Required plastic modulus.(for Section selection)
𝑀𝐸𝑑 178.13 ∗ 106
𝑊𝑦,𝑒𝑙 = = = 647.75cm3
𝑓𝑦 275ൗ
ൗ𝛾 1.0
𝑚𝑜
Step3: Selection of the profile: Try 356*171*67 UB section

h = 363.4mm
b = 173.2mm Wy,el = 1071cm3
tf = 15.7 mm Wy,pl = 1211cm3
tw = 9.1mm Iz = 1362cm4
d = 311.6 mm Iw=0.412dm6
Iy = 19460cm4 It = 55.7cm4
iy =15.1cm iz =3.99cm
A=85.5cm2
r= 10.2mm
 Cont’d . . .
Step 4: Determine the class of the cross-section (at least class 2)
 Outstand element of compression flange: c / tf ≤ 10ε.

 Web subject to Bending only: c/ tw ≤ 83ε.

(173.2−9.1)/2
 c / tf ≤ 10ε ⇒ ൗ15.7 = 5.23 < 10 ∗ 0.924 = 9.24 𝑜𝑘

 c/ tw ≤ 83ε ⇒ 311.6Τ
9.1 = 34.24 < 83 ∗ 0.92 = 76.73 𝑜𝑘

Therefore the class of the cross-section satisfies at least Class 2.

Step 5. Check the Resistance of the cross-section to moment.

𝑊𝑝𝑙,𝑦 𝑓𝑦 1211 ∗ 275

𝑀𝑝𝑙,𝑅𝑑 = = = 333.025𝑘𝑁𝑚 > 178.13 = 𝑀𝐸𝑑
𝛾𝑚𝑜 1.0
 Cont’d . . .
Step 6: Check the Resistance of the cross-section to shear.

The shear resistance of the cross-section is given by:

𝑓
𝐴𝑣 ∗ 𝑦ൗ 3
𝑉𝑝𝑙,𝑅𝑑 = where 𝐴𝑣 = 𝐴 − 2𝑏𝑡𝑓 + (𝑡𝑤 + 2𝑟)𝑡𝑓
𝛾𝑚𝑜

𝐴𝑣 = 8550 − 2 ∗ 173.2 ∗ 15.7 + 9.1 + 2 ∗ 10.2 ∗ 15.7 =

3574.67𝑚𝑚2

3574.67∗275ൗ 3
∴ 𝑉𝑝𝑙,𝑅𝑑 = = 983.015𝑘𝑁 < 𝑉𝑠𝑑 =142.5kN ok
1.0

 Check for shear buckling:

 Cont’d . . .
 shear buckling resistance must not be verified if d/tw ≤ 69ε.
d/tw = 311.6/9.1 = 34.24 < 69 x 0.92 = 63.48 ok!
Therefore shear buckling check is not required
 Check the effect of shear force on the resistance moment:
𝑉𝑠𝑑 142.5
= ∗ 100 = 14.5% < 50%
𝑉𝑝𝑙,𝑟𝑑 983.015

Therefore no reduction of design resistance moment is required.

Step 7. Check for lateral-torsional buckling.
fy
Mb,Rd = χLt Wy
γm1
 Elastic critical moment Mcr :

For beams with doubly symmetric cross-sections and loaded

through its shear centre 𝑀𝑐𝑟 is given by:
 Cont’d . . .
2 0.5
𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼𝑧 𝐾 𝐼𝑤 𝐾𝐿 2 𝐺𝐼
𝑡
𝑀𝑐𝑟 = 𝐶1 +
(𝐾𝐿)2 𝐾𝑤 𝐼𝑧 𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼𝑧
𝐶1 = 1.132, since simply supported with UDL
K= 𝐾𝑤 = 1
0.5
𝜋 2 210 ∗ 13.62 41.2 52
∗ 81 ∗ 55.7
∴ 𝑀𝑐𝑟 1.132 + 2 = 338.7𝑘𝑁𝑚
5 2 1362 𝜋 ∗ 210 ∗ 1362

𝑊𝑦 𝑓𝑦 275 ∗ 1.211
𝜆ҧ𝐿𝑡 = = = 0.992
𝑀𝑐𝑟 338.7
 Find the lateral torsional buckling curve:
ℎ 363.4
= = 2.1 > 2, 𝑎𝐿𝑡 = 0.34
𝑏 173.2
 Cont’d . . .

ΦLt = 0.5 1 + 𝑎𝐿𝑡 𝜆ҧ𝐿𝑡 − 0.2 + 𝜆2ҧ𝐿𝑡 = 1 + 0.34 0.992 − 0.2 + 0.9922
ΦLt = 1.127
1
χLt = 𝑏𝑢𝑡χLt ≤ 1
2
Φ𝐿𝑡 + 2
Φ𝐿𝑡 ҧ
− 𝜆𝐿𝑡
 Cont’d . . .
1
χLt = = 0.602 ≤ 1
1.127 + 1.1272 − 0.9922

 The design buckling resistance moment Mb,Rd of a laterally

unrestrained beam should be taken as:

fy 0.602 ∗ 1.211 ∗ 275

Mb,Rd = χLt Wy = = 200.5𝑘𝑁𝑚
γm1 1.0
Mb,Rd = 200.4𝑘𝑁𝑚 > MEd = 178.13𝑘𝑁𝑚

Therefore, resistance of the member is adequate for lateral

torsional buckling.
 Cont’d . . .
Step 8. Check for resistance of web to transverse forces.
(In this case at the support)
8.1 Check for web crushing:

Ry , Rd 
S s  S y tw f y , w
 M1

where Ss = 251.7 mm (length of stiff bearing) and

2
1 𝑏𝑓 𝑓𝑦𝑓 𝜎𝑓,𝐸𝑑 173.2
𝑆𝑦 = 2𝑡𝑓 1− = 15.7 = 68.5𝑚𝑚
2 𝑡𝑤 𝑓𝑦𝑤 𝑓𝑦𝑓 9.1

bf = 173.2mm < 25 x 15.7=392.5mm OK

tw = 9.1 mm
fyf = fyw = 275 N/mm2
σf,Ed = 0 (at the support there is no moment)
 Cont’d . . .
𝑆𝑦 + 𝑆𝑠 𝑡𝑤 𝑓𝑦,𝑤 68.5 + 251.7 9.1 ∗ 275
𝑅𝑦,𝑅𝑑 = = = 801.3𝑘𝑁
𝛾𝑚1 1.0
𝑅𝑦,𝑅𝑑 = 801.3𝑘𝑁 > 142.5 = 𝑉𝐸𝑑 𝑜𝑘
8.2 Check for web crippling.
𝑡𝑓 𝑡𝑤 𝑆𝑠
+3
2 𝐸𝑓
𝑡𝑤 𝑡𝑓 𝑑
𝑅𝑎,𝑅𝑑 = 0.5𝑡𝑤 𝑦𝑤
𝛾𝑚1
15.7 9.1
+3 ∗ 0.2
9.1 15.7
𝑅𝑎,𝑅𝑑 = 0.5 ∗ 9.12 210 ∗ 103 ∗ 275
1.0
𝑅𝑎,𝑅𝑑 = 522.72 > 142.5 = 𝑉𝐸𝑑 𝑜𝑘

 Ss / d = 251.7/ 257311.6 = 0.81 therefore take Ss / d = 0.2

 Cont’d . . .
8.3.Check the web buckling:
Un stiffened web at the point where concentrated load (reaction
acts).

𝑎 = 35𝑚𝑚
𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 35 + 181.7 = 216.7
Therefore; the virtual compression member for the web is:
 Cont’d . . .
 Assumptions: Web is partially fixed at top and bottom; thus the

effective length is taken no less than 0.75 d

𝐿𝑒 = 0.75𝑥311.6 = 233.7𝑚𝑚
Radius of gyration of the web is:
3
𝐼 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑤 216.7 ∗ 9.13
𝑖= = = = 2.627𝑚𝑚
𝐴 12𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑤 12 ∗ 216.7 ∗ 9.1
𝐿𝑒 233.7
Web slenderness ratio: 𝜆 = = = 88.96
𝑖 2.627
and λ1 = 93.9 ε = 93.9 x 0.92 = 86.39
𝜆 88.96
Non dimensional slenderness ratio: 𝜆ҧ = = = 1.03
𝜆1 86.4
Using curve c, 𝑎 = 0.49
𝜙 = 0.5 1 + 0.49 1.03 − 0.2 + 1.032 = 1.234
 Cont’d . . .
1 1
𝜒= = = 0.523
𝜙 + 𝜙 2 − 𝜆ҧ2 1.234 1.2342 − 1.032
Hence; the buckling resistance of the web is:

𝜒𝐴𝑓𝑦 0.523 ∗ 216.7 ∗ 9.1 ∗ 275

𝑁𝑏,𝑅𝑑 = = = 283.6𝑘𝑁 > 145𝑘𝑁
𝛾𝑚1 1.0
9. Check the deflection of the beam:
 Assumption: - beam is not pre-cambered.
 Floors and roofs supporting plaster or other brittle finish or non-
flexible partitions
 Show that: Maximum Permissible Deflection > Actual Deflection
 Cont’d . . .
𝐿 5000
Max. Perm. Def. 𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = = 20𝑚𝑚
250 250
𝐿 5000
Max. Perm. LL. Def. 𝜎𝐿 = = = 14.3𝑚𝑚
350 350
 For a simply supported span uniformly loaded beam the actual
deflection is given by:
5𝑊𝐷𝐿 𝐿4 5𝑊𝐿𝐿 𝐿4
Actual deflection, 𝛿 = +
384𝐸𝐼 384𝐸𝐼
5 ∗ 20 ∗ 103 ∗ 50004 5 ∗ 20 ∗ 103 ∗ 50004
+
384 ∗ 19.46∗10 ∗ 2.1 ∗ 10
7 5 384 ∗ 19.46∗107 ∗ 2.1 ∗ 105
Act. def.=3.983+3.983=7.97mm
Since: Max. Perm. Def.(20mm)> Act. def.(7.97mm)
Max. Perm. LL. Def. (14.3mm)> Act. LL. def.( 3.983mm
Therefore the beam is satisfactory for deflection
 Cont’d . . .
Act. def.=3.983+3.983=7.97mm
Since: Max. Perm. Def.(20mm)> Act. def.(7.97mm)
Max. Perm. LL. Def. (14.3mm)> Act. LL. def.( 3.983mm
Therefore the beam is satisfactory for deflection