Nathan Ray Alim, Ph.D.

Outline of Discussion
• Overview of Analytical Chemistry
– Brief history in the development of Analytical
Chemistry
– Branches of Analytical Chemistry

• Units conversion
– Dimensional analysis
• Preparation of solutions
– Units of concentration
– Dilution formula
 Analytical Chemistry
• A sub-discipline of of chemistry that has the
broad mission of understanding the chemical
composition of all matter and developing the
tools to elucidate such compositions.
– What chemicals are present?
– What are the characteristics of those chemicals?
– In what quantities are those chemicals present?
• Limitation: It stops when it already answers
those question.
 Brief History
• Early chemistry (1661-1900 AD) was basically
analytical chemistry (elemental analyses)
– Development of systemic elemental analysis by Justus
von Liebig
– First instrumental analysis was developed in 1860 by
Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff
• Major developments came after 1900
– Instrumental analysis became dominant
– The progress o f separation science (chromatography)
was translated into high performance analytical
instruments
– Inclusion of biological systems as subject for
analytical chemistry
 Branches of Analytical Chemistry
• Traditional Analytical Chemistry
– Qualitative (what is it?) and quantitative (how much is
present?) analysis
• Qualitative Inorganic Analysis – seeks to establish/confirm
the presence of a given element or compound in a sample
• Qualitative Organic Analysis - seeks to establish the presence
of a given functional group or organic compound in a
sample.
• Quantitative Analysis - seeks to establish the amount of a
given element or compound in a sample.
• Modern Analytical Chemistry
– Instrumental analysis: use of instruments/equipments
in measuring the amounts of analyte in a particular
sample.
Analytical Chemistry in the Modern World
 Unit Conversions ~ Equalities

State the same measurement in two different units

length

10.0 in.

25.4 cm
 Unit Conversions ~ Equalities

Fractions in which the numerator and denominator are

EQUAL quantities expressed in different units
Example: 1 in. = 2.54 cm

Factors: 1 in. and 2.54 cm

2.54 cm 1 in.
 Unit Conversions ~ Equalities

How many minutes are in 2.5 hours?

Conversion factor

2.5 hr x 60 min = 150 min

1 hr
cancel
 Sample Problem

• You have $7.25 in your pocket in quarters.

How many quarters do you have?

7.25 dollars X 4 quarters = 29 quarters

1 dollar
 Learning Check

A rattlesnake is 2.44 m long. How long is the

snake in cm?

a) 2440 cm
b) 244 cm
c) 24.4 cm
 Solution

A rattlesnake is 2.44 m long. How long is the

snake in cm?
b) 244 cm

2.44 m x 100 cm = 244 cm

1m
 Learning Check

How many seconds are in 1.4 days?

Unit plan: days hr min seconds

1.4 days x 24 hr x60 min x 60 s = 1.2 x 105 s

1 hr 1 min
1 day
 Wait a minute!

What is wrong with the following setup?

1.4 day x 1 day x 60 min x 60 sec

24 hr 1 hr 1 min
 English and Metric Conversions

• If you know ONE conversion for each type of

measurement, you can convert anything!
• I will provide these equalities, but you must
be able to use them:
– Mass: 454 grams = 1 pound
– Length: 2.54 cm = 1 inch
– Volume: 0.946 L = 1 quart
 Steps to Problem Solving

 Read problem
 Identify data
 Make a unit plan from the initial unit to the desired
unit (good practice at beginning, not necessary as you
get comfortable with this)
 Select conversion factors
 Change initial unit to desired unit
 Cancel units and check
 Do math on calculator
 Give an answer using significant figures
 Dealing with Two Units

If your pace on a treadmill is 65 meters per minute,

how many seconds will it take for you to walk a
distance of 8450 feet?

HINT: Always start with the simplest label.

You’re looking for seconds, so you can’t start there.
65 m/min has two labels so that’s not very simple.
Best STARTING place is 8450 feet!
What about Square and Cubic units?

• Use the conversion factors you already know,

but when you square or cube the unit, don’t
forget to cube the number also!
• Best way: Square or cube the ENTIRE
conversion factor
• Example: Convert 4.3 cm3 to mm3

4.3 cm3
( )
10 mm 3 4.3 cm3 103 mm3
=
1 cm 13 cm3
= 4300 mm3
 Learning Check

• A Nalgene water
bottle holds 1000
cm3 of dihydrogen
monoxide (DHMO).
How many cubic
decimeters is that?
 Solution
1000 cm3 1 dm 3
( )
10 cm
= 1 dm3

So, a dm3 is the same as a Liter !

A cm3 is the same as a milliliter.
 Making
Molar
Solutions
…from liquids
(More accurately, from stock solutions)
Concentration…a measure of solute-to-solvent ratio

concentrated vs. dilute

“lots of solute” “not much solute”
“watery”

Add water to dilute a solution; boil water off to concentrate it.

 remove
sample

moles of
solute

initial solution
mix same number of
moles of solute
in a larger volume
Making a Dilute
Solution
diluted solution
Timberlake, Chemistry 7th Edition, page 344
 Concentration
“The amount of solute in a solution”
A. mass % = mass of solute % by mass – medicated creams
mass of sol’n % by volume – rubbing alcohol

B. parts per million (ppm)  also, ppb and ppt

– commonly used for minerals or
contaminants in water supplies

C. molarity (M) = moles of solute

L of sol’n
– used most often in this class mol

mol M L
M =
L

D. molality (m) = moles of solute

kg of solvent
Glassware
 Glassware – Precision and Cost
beaker vs. volumetric flask

When filled to 1000 mL line, how much liquid is present?

beaker volumetric flask

5% of 1000 mL = 50 mL 1000 mL + 0.30 mL

Range: 950 mL – 1050 mL Range: 999.70 mL– 1000.30 mL

imprecise; cheap precise; expensive
 Markings on Glassware
Beaker 500 mL + 5% Range = 500 mL + 25 mL
475 – 525 mL
Graduated Cylinder 1000 mL + 5 mL Range = 1000 mL + 5 mL
475 – 525 mL

Volumetric Flask 500 mL + 0.2 mL Range = 499.8 – 500.2 mL

TC 20oC “to contain at a temperature of 20 oC”

22
TD “to deliver” Ts “time in seconds”
 water in mercury in
grad. cyl. grad. cyl.

~~ ~~ ~~ ~~

Measure to part of meniscus w/zero slope.

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Benjamin Cummings. All rights reserved.

 How to mix solid chemicals
Lets mix chemicals for the upcoming soap lab.
We will need 1000 mL of 3 M NaOH per class.

How much sodium hydroxide will I need, for five classes, for this lab?
mol ? mol ? = 3 mol NaOH/class
M = 3M =
L 1L x 5 classes
How much will this weigh? 15 mol NaOH

1 Na @ 23g/mol + 1O @ 16g/mol + 1 H @ 1 g/mol

MMNaOH = 40g/mol
40.0 g NaOH
X g NaOH = 15.0 mol NaOH = 600 g NaOH
1 mol NaOH
FOR EACH CLASS:
To mix this, add 120 g NaOH into 1L volumetric flask with
~750 mL cold H2O.
Mix, allow to return to room temperature – bring volume to 1 L.
 How to mix a Standard Solution

Wash bottle

Volume marker
(calibration mark)

Weighed
amount
of solute

Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 480

 How to mix a Standard Solution

http://www.chem.ucla.edu/~gchemlab/soln_conc_web.htm
 Process of Making a Standard Solution
from Liquids

Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 483

 How to mix a dilute solution from a
concentrated stock solution

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Benjamin Cummings. All rights reserved.

 Reading a pipette
Identify each volume to two decimal places
(values tell you how much you have expelled)

4.48 - 4.50 mL 4.86 - 4.87 mL 5.00 mL

www.chalkbored.com
 Dilution of Solutions

To Prepare 1
Formula Specific Reagent
Solution Guide Weight Gravity
Molarity
Percent
Liter of one molar
Solution
Acetic Acid Glacial (CH3COOH) 60.05 1.05 17.45 99.8% 57.3 mL
Ammonium Hydroxide (NH4OH) 35.05 0.90 14.53 56.6% 69.0 mL
Formic Acid (HCOOH) 46.03 1.20 23.6 90.5% 42.5 mL
Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) 36.46 1.19 12.1 37.2% 82.5 mL
Hydrofluoric Acid (HF) 20.0 1.18 28.9 49.0% 34.5 mL
Nitric Acid (HNO3) 63.01 1.42 15.9 70.0% 63.0 mL
Perchloric Acid 60% (HClO4) 100.47 1.54 9.1 60.0% 110 mL
Perchloric Acid 70% (HClO4) 100.47 1.67 11.7 70.5% 85.5 mL
Phosphoric Acid (H3PO4) 97.1 1.70 14.8 85.5% 67.5 mL
Potassium Hydroxide (KOH) 60.05 1.05 17.45 99.8% 57.3 mL
Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) 40.0 1.54 19.4 45.0% 85.5 mL
Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4) 98.08 1.84 18.0 50.5% 51.5 mL

MConc.VConc. = MDiluteVDilute
Dilutions of Solutions  Acids (and sometimes bases) are
purchased in concentrated form (“concentrate”) and are easily
diluted to any desired concentration.

**Safety Tip: When diluting, add acid or base to water.**

C = concentrate
Dilution Equation: MC VC  MD VD D = dilute

Concentrated H3PO4 is 14.8 M. What volume of concentrate

is required to make 25.00 L of 0.500 M H3PO4?

MC VC  MD VD  14.8 M (VC )  0.500 M (25.00 L)

VC = 0.845 L = 845 mL
How would you mix the above solution?
1. Measure out 0.845 L of concentrated H3PO4 .
2. In separate container, obtain ~20 L of cold H2O.
3. In fume hood, slowly pour [H3PO4] into cold H2O.
4. Add enough H2O until 25.00 L of solution is obtained.
Be sure to wear your safety glasses!
 You have 75 mL of conc. HF (28.9 M); you need 15.0 L of
0.100 M HF. Do you have enough to do the experiment?

MCVC = MDVD

28.9 M (0.075 L) = 0.100 M (15.0 L)

Yes;
we’re OK. 2.1675 mol HAVE > 1.50 mol NEED
 Dilution
• Preparation of a desired solution by adding
water to a concentrate.
• Moles of solute remain the same.
 Dilution
• What volume of 15.8M HNO3 is required to make
250 mL of a 6.0M solution?

GIVEN: WORK:
M1 = 15.8M M1 V1 = M2 V2
V1 = ? (15.8M) V1 = (6.0M)(250mL)
M2 = 6.0M V1 = 95 mL of 15.8M HNO3
V2 = 250 mL
 Preparing Solutions
How to prepare 500 mL of
1.54 M NaCl solution
– mass 45.0 g of NaCl
– add water until total volume is
500 mL 500 mL
500 mL volumetric
mark flask

45.0 g NaCl
solute
 Preparing Solutions
molality molarity
1.54m NaCl in 500 mL of 1.54M NaCl
0.500 kg of water
– mass 45.0 g of NaCl – mass 45.0 g of NaCl
– add 0.500 kg of water – add water until total volume is
500 mL

500 mL
water
500 mL
volumetric
flask
45.0 g 500 mL
NaCl mark