MM Wave Antenna Design using SIW

Presented By:
SIDDHARTHA SARKAR(19EC63R05)
KAMLESH JOSHI(19EC63R14)
PARTHA SARATHI MOHAPATRA(19EC63R03)
Substrate Integrated Circuits:
Hybrid and monolithic integrations of various planar
and nonplanar circuits that are made in single substrate
and/or multilayer platforms.

Rectangular waveguides have widely been used in the

development of microwave but
they are bulky size in and have nonplanar geometry.

SIW:
A rectangular waveguide-like structure in an integrated planar form
two rows of conducting cylinders, vias or slots embedded in a dielectric
substrate.
Advantages Of Using SIW:

• High Q-factor (low loss) and high power-handling capability

• Self-consistent electromagnetic shielding.

• Complete integration of all the components on the same substrate, (passive components,
active elements, antennas)

• Solves remarkable problem arising at high frequency (appearance of surface waves that
generally decrease the antenna efficiency).
SIW Techniques and Design Basics

The topology of a typical single-layered SIW. Metalized via and slot arrays
for creating equivalent metallic fence or wall configurations with: (a)
cylindrical via arrays, (b) long slot trenches
SIW Propagation Modes:

TE(10) TE(20)
Equivalent Width
Physical parameters of via-holes d and p are set to
minimize the radiation loss as well as the return loss

Characteristic Impedance
Loss Considerations:
• dielectric losses
• conductor losses
• radiation losses

Attenuation constant versus frequency for an SIW structure

The attenuation constant decreases when
frequency increases, especially
the radiation loss.
Antennas in SIW can be classified as either resonant or non-resonant types.

Resonant antennas :
• Micro strip patches
• Dipoles

Non-resonant antennas :
• Tapered slot antenna (TSA)
• Printed Yagi-Uda antenna
• Log-periodic dipole array
• Dielectric rod antenna
Tapered Slot Antenna:

• The Tapered Slot Antenna (TSA) consists of a tapered slot cut in a thin film of metal
with or without an electrically thin substrate on one side of the film.

• The slot is narrow toward one end (s) for efficient coupling to devices, away from this
region (L ), the slot is tapered and a traveling wave propagating along the slot radiates
in the end-fire direction (w ).

• As the width of the slot increases, the characteristic impedance increases as well
providing smooth transition to the free space characteristic impedance
of 120π Ω.
• In the antipodal version of the TSA, the
metallization on either side of the substrate is flared in
opposite directions to form the
tapered slot.
• When the SIW waveguide is used to feed the antipodal
TSA, the bandwidth
limitation caused by balun can be removed and, thus,
wideband characteristics are
indeed obtainable.
• The SIW TSAs have many advantages such as low
profile, low weight,
wideband characteristics, and they are easy to integrate
with other planar devices.
Regions of a TSA
• The TSA's antennas are very sensitive to the thickness
and the permittivity of their supporting
substrate.
• The performance of the antenna
is determined both by its geometry and by the
thickness and permittivity of the
supporting dielectric substrate.
SIW TSA end-fire slot width (w ) versus the used material permittivity
Operation:

• The tapered antipodal fin line smoothly transforms the

incident TE (cut A) waveguide mode to a quasi micro strip
mode which is propagating in the area of overlapping
antipodal fins of the transition (cuts B and C).

• E field in the transition area concentrates and rotates by

almost 90° until waveguide mode transforms to quasi slot
mode (cut D).

• The region II (plane BB’ to CC’) act as balun and

impedance transformer. In addition, region II transforms the
impedance of the TE waveguide mode to high impedance of Electric field at various cross sections along the transition
slot line component. from SIW waveguide to end-edge of the antenna
• When the thickness of SIW changes, the cut-off
frequency remains the same and the impedance
changes.

• The parallel plate impedance is higher than its SIW

counterpart, when the overlapping section diminishes,
the impedance increases ensuring a wideband
operation.

• The limit of width of the overlapping section is the half

of the SIW width..

SIW and strip line impedance

Measured and simulated return losses using Substrate
RT/Duroid 6002 with thickness b of 0.508 mm and dielectric
constant of ε = 2.94.
CORRUGATION:
• A degradation of radiation pattern has been
observed for a narrower TSA width.

• This degradation in the radiation pattern is a significant

problem for the effective design of compact TSAs.

• Pattern improvement for a narrow width antenna can be

achieved by using a corrugation structure, which makes this
technique suitable for the formation of antenna array s
where a small spacing between antenna elements is needed.
TSA antenna with corrugation
• To explain this improvement, simulated E-field distributions
along the antipodal LTSA structures with and without
corrugation are shown in figure.
• The effective antenna aperture is thus increased by the presence of the
corrugation, which ensures a plane wave phase front over the antenna
aperture.

• In standard antenna, the antipodal nature of the antenna gives rise to

very high levels of cross-polarization, particularly at high frequencies
because the skew in the slot fields is close to the throat of the flare.

• As shown in the field distribution in the transverse view in Figure, the

field in the center region is more highlighted in the structure without
corrugation.

• Out of this perturbed region, the field is parallel to the two sides of the
substrate compared to the one in the antenna without corrugation
which is arranged in an arc.

Simulated current distribution comparison between corrugation and non

corrugation structures.
• Once the corrugation is used, a noticeable decreasing of 3
dB beamwidth can be observed in the E-plane, while the
beamwidth in the H-plane increases.

• The side lobe in the H-plane for this antenna is 23 and 33

dB in the E-plane.

• The cross-polarization level with corrugation is found to

be better than 27 dB at the frequency of design and
without corrugation is 15 dB.

Simulated radiation patterns with and without corrugation obtained by

HFSS at 28GHz
(a) Linear taper, (b) CWTSA with linear
taper
Effect of antenna length variations on gain of LTSA

Effect of antenna length variations on gain of CWTSA

Effect of antenna length variations on E- and H-plane patterns for LTSA

Effect of antenna length variations on E- and H-plane pattern for CWSA

Substrate Thickness

Simulated gain obtained by HFSS for CWTSA at 28 GHz

versus substrate thickness
REFERENCES:
• Substrate Integrated Waveguide Antennas,Handbook of Antenna Technologies
Tarek Djerafi,Ali Doghri,Ke Wu

• Bozzi M, Georgiadis A, Wu K (2011) Review of substrate-integrated waveguide

circuits and antennas. IET Microwaves Antennas Propag 5:909–920

• Bozzi M, Pasian M, Perregrini L (2014) Modeling of losses in substrate integrated

waveguide components. In: International conference on numerical electromagnetic
modeling and optimization for RF, microwave, and terahertz applications (NEMO),
Pavia, 14–16 May 2014, pp 1–4
THANK YOU!!