Atoms, Molecules and Ions

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 Learning Targets
1. Enumerate Dalton’s postulates
2. Study the composition of the atom
3. Differentiate atoms, isotopes and ionsS
GETTING TO KNOW B2

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 Dalton’s Atomic Theory
John Dalton (1766-1844) proposed an atomic theory

While this theory was not completely correct, it

revolutionized how chemists looked at matter and
brought about chemistry as we know it today instead
of alchemy

Thus, it’s an important landmark in the history of

science.
 Dalton’s Atomic Theory - Summary

1. matter is composed, indivisible particles (atoms)

2. all atoms of a particular element are identical
3. different elements have different atoms
4. atoms combine in certain whole-number ratios
5. In a chemical reaction, atoms are merely rearranged
to form new compounds; they are not created,
destroyed, or changed into atoms of any other
elements.
 Problems with Dalton’s Atomic Theory?

1. matter is composed, indivisible particles

Atoms Can Be Divided, but only in a nuclear
reaction
2. all atoms of a particular element are
identical
Does Not Account for Isotopes (atoms of the
same element but a different mass due to a
different number of neutrons)!
3. different elements have different atoms
YES!
4. atoms combine in certain whole-number
ratios
YES! Called the Law of Definite
Proportions
5. In a chemical reaction, atoms are merely
rearranged to form new compounds; they
are not created, destroyed, or changed into
atoms of any other elements.
Yes, except for nuclear reactions that can
change atoms of one element to a different
element
2

2.1
16 X + 8Y 8 X 2Y

2.1
J.J. Thomson, measured mass/charge of e-
(1906 Nobel Prize in Physics) 2.2
 Measured mass of e-
(1923 Nobel Prize in Physics)

e- charge = -1.60 x 10-19 C

Thomson’s charge/mass of e- = -1.76 x 108 C/g
e- mass = 9.10 x 10-28 g
2.2
(Uranium compound)
2.2
2.2
 (1908 Nobel Prize in Chemistry)

 particle velocity ~ 1.4 x 107 m/s

(~5% speed of light)

1. atoms positive charge is concentrated in the nucleus

2. proton (p) has opposite (+) charge of electron (-)
3. mass of p is 1840 x mass of e- (1.67 x 10-24 g)
2.2
 Rutherford’s Model of
the Atom

atomic radius ~ 100 pm = 1 x 10-10 m

nuclear radius ~ 5 x 10-3 pm = 5 x 10-15 m

2.2
Chadwick’s Experiment (1932)
H atoms - 1 p; He atoms - 2 p
mass He/mass H should = 2
measured mass He/mass H = 4

 + 9Be 1n + 12C + energy

neutron (n) is neutral (charge = 0)
n mass ~ p mass = 1.67 x 10-24 g
2.2
Subatomic Particles (Table 2.1)

Mass C harge Cha rge

Particle
(g) (Coulombs) (units)
- -28 -19
Electron(e) 9.1x10 -1.6x10 -1

+ -24 -19
Proton(p ) 1.67x10 +1.6x10 +1

-24
Neutron(n) 1.67x10 0 0

mass p = mass n = 1840 x mass e-

2.2
ATOM
COMPOSITION
The atom is mostly
empty space
•protons and neutrons in
the nucleus.
•the number of electrons is equal to the number
of protons.
•electrons in space around the nucleus.
•extremely small. One teaspoon of water has 3
times as many atoms as the Atlantic Ocean has
teaspoons of water.
 ATOMIC COMPOSITION
• Protons (p+)
– + electrical charge
– mass = 1.672623 x 10-24 g
– relative mass = 1.007 atomic
mass units (amu) but we can round to 1
• Electrons (e-)
– negative electrical charge
– relative mass = 0.0005 amu
but we can round to 0
• Neutrons (no)
– no electrical charge
– mass = 1.009 amu but we can round to 1
 Atomic Number, Z
All atoms of the same element have
the same number of protons in the
nucleus, Z

13 Atomic number
Al Atom symbol
26.981 AVERAGE Atomic Mass
 Mass Number, A
• C atom with 6 protons and 6 neutrons is the
mass standard
• = 12 atomic mass units
• Mass Number (A)= # protons + # neutrons
• NOT on the periodic table…(it is the
AVERAGE atomic mass on the table)
• A boron atom can have A
= 5 p + 5 n = 10 amu

A 10
B
Z 5
Atomic number (Z) = number of protons in nucleus
Mass number (A) = number of protons + number of neutrons
= atomic number (Z) + number of neutrons

Mass Number A
ZX
Element Symbol
Atomic Number

2.3
How many protons and electrons
in the following atoms:
1. 11Na23
2. 82Pb208
3. 76Os190
4. 92U238
How many protons and electrons
in the following atoms:
1. 11Na23 Proton Electron Neutron
2. 82Pb208 Na 11 11 12
3. 76Os190
Pb 82 82 126
4. 92U238
Os 76 76 114
U 92 92 146
 Proton Electron Neutron
U 232
92

U 233
92

U 234
92

U 235
92
 Proton Electron Neutron
U 232 92 92 140
92

U 233 92 92 141
92

U 234 92 92 142
92

U 235 92 92 142
92
 Isotopes
- Same element
- Same number of protons and electrons
- Different number of neutrons

Define isotopes
 Isotopes
Isotopes are atoms of the same element
(X) (same atomic number) with different
numbers of neutrons (mass number) in
their nuclei.
1 2 3
1H 1H (D) 1H (T)
235 238
92 U 92 U
2.3
 Isotopes
• Atoms of the same element (same Z) but
different mass number (A).
• Boron-10 (10B) has 5 p and 5 n
• Boron-11 (11B) has 5 p and 6 n
11B

10B
Figure 3.10: Two isotopes of
sodium.
Isotopes &
Their Uses
Bone scans with
radioactive
technetium-99.
 Isotopes & Their Uses

The tritium content of ground water is used to

discover the source of the water, for example,
in municipal water or the source of the steam
from a volcano.
 Isotopes?
Which of the following represent isotopes
of the same element? Which element?

234 234 235 238

X X X X
92 93 92 92
 Learning Check – Counting

Naturally occurring carbon consists of three isotopes, 12C,

13C, and 14C. State the number of protons, neutrons, and

electrons in each of these carbon atoms.

12C 13C 14C
6 6 6

#p+ _______ _______ _______

#no _______ _______ _______
#e- _______ _______ _______
 Answers

12C 13C 14C

6 6 6

#p+ 6 6 6

#no 6 7 8

#e- 6 6 6
 Learning Check

An atom has 14 protons and 20 neutrons.

A. Its atomic number is
1) 14 2) 16 3) 34
B. Its mass number is
1) 14 2) 16 3) 34
C. The element is
1) Si 2) Ca 3) Se

D. Another isotope of this element is

1) 34X 2) 34X 3) 36X
16 14 14
 Practice Problems
1. List out the number of protons, electrons,
and neutrons of
207
Pb
82
2. List out the number of protons, electrons,
and neutrons of

55

Mn +2

25
3. Atoms of a certain isotope have 73 neutrons and a mass of
123.
a. What is the atomic number?

b. How many electrons are there?

c. What is the name of the element?

d. Write the chemical symbol for this isotope.

 Isotopes & Average Atomic
Mass
• Because of the existence of isotopes, the mass of a
collection of atoms has an average value.
• 6Li = 7.5% abundant and 7Li = 92.5%
– Avg. Atomic mass of Li = ______________
• 28Si = 92.23%, 29Si = 4.67%, 30Si = 3.10%
– Avg. Atomic mass of Si = ______________
 Do You Understand Isotopes?

How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in 146 C?

6 protons, 8 (14 - 6) neutrons, 6 electrons

How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in 116 C?

6 protons, 5 (11 - 6) neutrons, 6 electrons

2.3
 Counting Protons, Neutrons, and
Electrons
• Protons: Atomic Number (from periodic table)
• Neutrons: Mass Number minus the number of
protons (mass number is protons and neutrons
because the mass of electrons is negligible)
• Electrons:
– If it’s an atom, the protons and electrons must be the SAME
so that it is has a net charge of zero (equal numbers of + and
-)
– If it does NOT have an equal number of electrons, it is not
an atom, it is an ION. For each negative charge, add an
extra electron. For each positive charge, subtract an electron
(Don’t add a proton!!! That changes the element!)
 Ions (Atoms with charge)
An atom that has either lost or gained one or more electrons.

Gaining electrons means more negative than positive charges, so the

ion is (-)

Loosing electrons means more positive than negative charges, so the

ion is (+)
 IONS
• IONS are atoms or groups of atoms with a
positive or negative charge.
• Taking away an electron from an atom gives a
CATION with a positive charge
• Adding an electron to an atom gives an ANION
with a negative charge.
• To tell the difference between an atom and an ion,
look to see if there is a charge in the superscript!
Examples: Na+ Ca+2 I- O-2
Na Ca I O
 Forming Cations & Anions
A CATION forms An ANION forms
when an atom when an atom
loses one or more gains one or more
electrons. electrons

Mg --> Mg2+ + 2 e- F + e- --> F-

 PREDICTING ION CHARGES

In general

• metals (Mg) lose electrons ---> cations

• nonmetals (F) gain electrons ---> anions
 Learning Check – Counting

State the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons in each

of these ions.
39 K+ 16O -2 41Ca +2
19 8 20

#p+ ______ ______ _______

#no ______ ______ _______
#e- ______ ______ _______
 One Last Learning Check
Write the nuclear symbol form for the following
atoms or ions:

A. 8 p+, 8 n, 8 e- ___________

B. 17p+, 20n, 17e- ___________

C. 47p+, 60 n, 46 e- ___________