Siemens -7UT613

ABB-RET 670 MICOM p632/633/645

GE/Schneider

HANDS ON TESTING OF
TRANSFORMER
PROTECTION RELAY

Venugopal Patnaik, Engr. Arasur ss

 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION RELAYS

 Mechanical Protections.  Electrical Protections.

• OTI • Differential
• WTI • REF
• PRV • OC & EF
• Buchholz • Over Fluxing
• Sudden PRV- RRPR • Back up Z.
DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION :- Basic
• Differential Protection Relays :-
• Is also called Low Impedance
Differential protection.
• Highly sensitive
• Phase segregated.
• Should be stable for through fault
• Harmonic restraining feature.
• Some Common relay types
• RET 670 :- ABB
• P633/643/632/645:- GE
• 7UT522 :- Siemens
 Differential Characteristics

Single slope Simple Diff.

 Threshold is kept for Excitation current in winding.

 Simple Straight line with slope 45% is used .

 Disadvantageous due to CT errors Mal-operation occurs.

 Differential Characteristics
Dual Slope Characteristics
Id >>
High Set
Slope2 = 80%

Slope 1 =40%

Id Pick up .

 CT ratio and xmation errors are compensated.

 Widely Used Characteristics.
 Ideal for Transformer and Reactors.
 Testing of Differential Relay
• Diff. Current Pick up Test.
• Diff. Stability Test.
• Diff. Operation test
• Diff. High set test
• Diff. 2nd & 5th Harmonic restraint.
REF :- Restricted Earth Fault Protection
 REF :- Restricted Earth Fault
• REF :-
• Also known as High Impedance
Differential Protection Relay.
• Comprises of stabilizing resistor.
• Operates on Voltage drop across
resistor.
• Very Fast acting capable of detecting
in high resistive arcing grounds inside
tank.
• Faults near Neutral side is detected
by REF
 All Bushings Turrent CTs and the star Point common
Neutral CT is Used .

 Stablising resistor is adjustable type 10 to 20 w wire wound resistor .

 Stablising Resistor Value depends on Lead Resistance,

 Value ranges from 200 to 1000 Ohms.

 Stabilizing Resistor is used to prevent the operation of Relay in case of
through fault.
 Testing of REF relay

Stablising Resistor should be shorted before start of Test.

Operation /Pick up of REF element is to be checked and

noted for tripping of Relay
Back up Over Current and Directional EF
Back up – Over Current & Earth Fault
• This is Back up Protection of ICTs.

• Separate relay each side HV & LV.

• Simple Over current function with IE-Inverse

Characteristics (IDMT- Standard Inverse).

• Earth Fault is inbuilt and based on negative sequence

current detection during Earth Fault with directional
element.

• These relays can not distinguish between external short

circuit, over load and internal faults

• The operation of OC relays is at about 125 to 150% of full

load current of the transformer.
HV / LV – Over Current & Earth Fault - Characteristics
• Over Current HV & LV
• 150% of rated current for 400/220 KV Transformers .

• 130% of rated Current for 765/400 kV Transformers.

• TMS shall be such that for fault in remote end bus,

relay shall issue trip command after Zone-3 timing
of downstream line.

• Also non directional High Set Value (110% of Max. Flt Current) with DT characteristic is
used as Back up
• Earth Fault :-
• 20% of Full Load Current is the Pick up value with TMS suitable to trip beyond Zone 3
timing of Downstream Lines.
• Here also Non Directional High Set function is used.
Testing of Over current and Earth Fault Relays
• For Over Current Inverse Characteristics is checked by Appling 2 time, 5 times and 10
times the set current and the Time delay is measured against the calculated value.

• Example :-
• Suppose PMS is 1.5 A Current Setting and TMS = 0.5

• OC and E /Fault Relays are tested for Pick up value and time delay set in EF relays is about
• Current Value Calculated Time Formula
• 2times 3A 5.01 sec t= TMS x (0.14/ (((1/Is)^0.02)-1))
• 5 times 7.5A 2.14 sec
• 10 times 15A 1.49 sec.
OVER FLUXING PROTECTION
Over Fluxing Protection- ?
• As per transformer design practice, flux density is kept about 1.7 to 1.8 Tesla,
while the saturation flux density is of the order of 1.9 to 2 Tesla which
corresponds to about 1.1 times the rated value.

• Above this design limit the eddy currents in the core and nearby conductive
components cause overheating which within a very short time may cause severe
damage.

• The flux in the core increases with either increasing voltage or decreasing
frequency.

• When a transformer core is overexcited, the core is operating in a non-linear

magnetic region, and creates harmonic components in the exciting current. A
significant amount of current at the 5th harmonic is characteristic of
overexcitation.
Over Fluxing Protection- Setting values

V/f = 1.05 Delay = 15000 16000

V/f = 1.1 Delay = 9000 14000
V/f = 1.15 Delay = 100
12000
V/f = 1.20 Delay = 55
10000
V/f = 1.25 Delay = 50
8000
V/f = 1.30 Delay = 20 Series1
Series2

V/f = 1.35 Delay = 10 6000

V/f = 1.40 Delay = 1 4000

2000

Cool Down Time :- 1200 ms 0

1.05 1.1 1.15 1.2 1.25 1.3 1.35 1.4
Testing of Over Fluxing Function
• As per relation of Flux density we know
B = V/f

Testing is Simple keeping Frequency Constant Voltage is

increased till alarm is observed.

The calculated value as per Delay can be noted down.

Back Up Impedance Relays
 Back Up Impedance Relays
 Reactors:-
 Back up Impedance is same as Distance Relay in Feeder
Protection.
 It has only Zone 1 with 60% of Reactor Impedance and
1.2 sec time delay.
 Transformers:-
 For transformers :-
 In tranformers Back up impedance is latest
development.
 In ICT ‘s Z-1 = 20 % , Z-2 = 120% ,Z3= 170% of ICT
Impedance.
 Relay Testing Kits
• Various Automatic Test Kits we use :-
• Omicron , Dobble , Punnovo , Meggar .

• Functions
• Basically Secondary Injection test set with various functions . Voltage &
Current Injection , Binary Inputs , Binary Outputs , Auxilliary DC /AC
Sources.
• Many Function Template is available with user settings- rio/Xrio file import
function.
• Capable for Fault replaying functions.
• Inbuilt automatic Protection for kit- overloading , short circuit etc.
• Portable and User friendly operation.
Thank you