Earthquake Hazard

-is anything associated with an

earthquake that may affect the normal
activities of people. This includes surface
faulting, ground shaking, landslide,
liquefaction, tectonic deformation, and
tsunamis
Ground shaking
- disruptive up-down and sideways
movement or motion experienced during
an earthquake.
A. Strong ground shaking can cause
objects to fall, break windows
among others.
B. Strong ground shaking can also result to minor
damages to buildings and worse, cause collapse of
a structure. (e.g. collapse of Hyatt Hotel, Baguio
City after the 16 July 1990Luzon Earthquake).
C. Most part of the Philippines will experience
shaking at different degrees depending
onmagnitude of earthquake, distance of one’s
location from the fault that moved, local
belowsurface conditions, etc).
 BEFORE
*Decide how and where your family will reunite if
separated.
*Choose an out-of-area friend or relative who separated
family members can call after the quake to report their
whereabouts and condition
*Know the safe spots in each room: under sturdy tables,
desks, or against inside walls.
*Conduct practice drills. Physically place yourself in safe
locations.
*Learn first aid and CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation)
from your local American Red Cross chapter or other
community organization

*Keep a list of emergency phone numbers

*Maintain emergency food, water and other supplies,

including a flashlight, a portable battery-operated radio,
extra batteries, medicines, first aid kit and clothing
 DURING
*If indoors, stay there and take cover under a table, desk, or
other sturdy furniture.

*Remain where you are until shaking stops. Think out your
plan of action first, then move.

*If outside, get into an open area away from trees, buildings,
walls and power lines.
*Do not stop your vehicle under overpasses or bridges.

*Turn off the engine and turn on the radio. Follow emergency
instructions.

*If you have to leave your vehicle, move to an open area quickly.
 AFTER

*Turn on the radio and listen for emergency

broadcasts/announcements, news reports, and instructions.
Cooperate with public safety officials.

*Plan for evacuation in case events make this necessary. Leave

written messages for other family members or searchers.
*Do not use your vehicle unless there is an emergency. Keep
the streets clear for emergency vehicles.

*Work with your neighbors for a quicker recovery. Stay calm and
lend a hand to others.

*Be prepared for aftershocks.

Ground Rupture
Ground rupture- displacement on the ground due to movement of
fault .
A. This will be experienced by areas where fault passes through (note
not all cracks on
the ground that people see after a strong earthquake are faults, some
may just be
surficial cracks because of ground failure)
B. The movement may have vertical and horizontal component and
may be as small as
less than 0.5 meters (Masbate 1994 earthquake) to as big as 6
meters (16 July 1990
Earthquake).
 BEFORE

*Secure heavy objects around your home

*Keep emergency items and equipment

handy

*Keep the family oriented about what to

do
 DURING

*If you are in bed, stay there, hold on and cover

your head with a pillow , at night, hazards can be
difficult to see and avoid and the safer is to remain
in bed.
*Remain inside

*Pull over if you’re driving

 AFTER

*Check for hazards

*Prepare for more damage

*Prepare for aftershocks

Liquefaction
Liquefaction- is a process that transforms the behavior of a
body of sediments from that of a solid to that of a liquid
when subjected to extremely intense shaking.
A. As a result, any heavy load on top of the sediment body
will either sink or tilt as the sediment could no longer hold
the load, such as what happened in Dagupan City during
the 16 July 1990 Earthquake
B. Demonstrate liquefaction using a pan, put sand to fill up
to half the height of pan slowly pour water to into it half level
of sand. Put a heavy object (brick, etc) on top. Shake the
pan. The brick/ heavy object should tilt.
 BEFORE

*The key to effective disaster prevention is planning

*Determine if site is along an active fault and/or prone to

liquefaction or landslide

*Maintain an Earthquake survival kit

 DURING

*When driving, pull to the side of the road and stop

*Run away from the shore toward higher ground

*If outside, get into an open area. Stay clear of

buildings, power lines, streetlights, and anything that
can fall on you.
 AFTER
*if inside an old, weak structure, take the fastest and
safest way out. Get out calmly in orderly manner. Do
not to the exit.
*check yourself and others. Don’t enter partially
damaged building.

*obey public safety precautions.

GROUND SUBSIDENCE
GROUND SUBSIDENCE
A sinkhole, also known as a sink, sink-hole, shakehole,
swallet, swallow hole, or doline (the different terms for
sinkholes are often used interchangeably), is a depression
or hole in the ground caused by some form of collapse of
the surface layer
Be cautious when re-entering buildings and cleaning up.
 BEFORE
*Keep an earthquake disaster kit on hand, including a well-stocked first
aid kit a supply of medicines required for life-threatening conditions,
copies of important documents, extra money, a flashlight, a hand crank or
solar-powered radio, extra batteries, blankets, drinking water and
nonperishable food, and tools to shut off utilities. Store the kit in a secure,
waterproof location that is easily accessible.

*Conduct calm family discussions about earthquakes. Decide upon an

outdoor meeting location for your family to reunite after a quake and
conduct in-home practice drills. Teach your household members to knock
three times repeatedly if they were to become trapped inside your home.
*Conduct a thorough investigation of your home,
checking for any defective wiring, leaky gas
connections, and deep cracks in the ceiling or
foundation that could pose a danger during a quake.

*Learn how to shut off all utilities in your home

*Secure cabinet doors with latches to prevent items
from falling out during an earthquake.
 DURING
*Drop, Cover, and Hold on! Drop to the floor, get under a
sturdy table, and hold on until the shaking stops. If your
entire body does not fit underneath the furniture, position
your body so that at least your head and neck are covered.

*If indoors, stay there; most injuries occur when people inside try
to move to a different location or try to leave. Avoid windows,
exterior walls, stairwells, elevators, and objects that could fall.
Be aware that the electricity may go out and the fire alarm or
sprinkler system may turn on.
*outside, get into an open area. Stay clear of buildings, power
lines, streetlights, and anything that can fall on you.
*If driving, move out of traffic as quickly as possible and shut off
the engine. Avoid bridges and overpasses, and anything that
could fall onto your car, such as trees, light posts, power lines,
and signs.
*If in bed, stay there. Hold on and protect your head with a pillow. Only
move to a nearby safe place if you are under a heavy light fixture or
something that may fall on you

*If in a wheelchair, stay in it. Move to a safe location, lock your wheels,
and cover your head and neck.
 AFTER
*If you smell gas or hear a hissing sound, open a window and quickly leave
the building. Shut off the main gas valve only if you suspect a gas leak.
Return home only when it is declared safe. Once gas lines are turned off,
service should be restored only by your service provider.

*If you are driving, watch out for road hazards, including fallen trees, power
lines, and damaged bridges and roads. If a power line fell onto your car
during the earthquake, stay inside until trained personnel remove the wire.
*Inspect your home for signs of structural damage, particularly to the
foundation and chimney. Damage to these areas can pose serious safety
hazards in the months after an earthquake. Do not enter a structurally
compromised structure. Call a certified home inspector if you are unsure of
your home’s structural stability.
*Go to your predetermined outdoor meeting location. Check
for injuries to others and provide assistance as needed.

*Check appliances and electric lines for damage. Unplug any

damaged appliances or light fixtures, and shut off power at the
main fuse box if there are sparks, frayed wires, or if you smell
something burning

*Listen to the radio for important information.

*Be prepared for aftershocks! Aftershocks can occur minutes,
days, or months after an earthquake. Drop, Cover, and Hold on
each time shaking occurs.
Tsunami
Tsunami- sea waves resulting from the disturbance of ocean floor by
an earthquake
A. This is a series of giant sea waves commonly generated by under-
the-sea earthquakes and
whose heights could be greater than 5 meters.
B. Examples of recent tsunami events in the Philippines are the
August 1976 Moro Gulf
Earthquake and Tsunami and the November 1994 Oriental Mindoro
Earthquake and
Tsunami, December 2004 Banda Aceh Earthquake (Indonesia), and
March 2011 Eastern
Japan
 BEFORE
*Plan your escape and evacuation routes. From the Red
Cross: "If possible, pick areas 100 feet (30 meters) above
sea level or go as far as 2 miles (3 kilometers) inland, away
from the coastline. If you cannot get this high or far, go as
high or far as you can. Every foot inland or upward may
make a difference. You should be able to reach your safe
location on foot within 15 minutes."
*Know how high above sea level your street is and how far
it is from the coast. Evacuation orders may be based on
those figures.
*Establish whether your home and other places you
frequent are in tsunami hazard areas.
*Cobble together an emergency supplies kit.

*Practice evacuating.

*Know your children's school evacuation plans and figure

out how to get them

*Tourists should get familiar with evacuation information

 DURING

*If there's an earthquake while you are on the coast

and indoors, drop, cover and hold on. If you're
outside, stay away from falling objects.
*When the shaking is over, move quickly to inland,
higher ground. Go on foot if you can. Stay there
until officials say it's all clear.
*Bring your animals if you evacuate. Bring
your preparedness kit.

*Listen to official sources such as a National

Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
weather radio or the U.S. Coast Guard
emergency frequency station if a tsunami watch
has been issued.
 AFTER

*Tell family and friends you're OK.

*Keep tuned in to official information sources or

local media.

*Don't assume the danger is over after the first

wave. The next one might be bigger.
*Call authorities if someone needs to be rescued.

*Help people such as the elderly, infants and

people with disabilities.

*Stay away from disaster zones and out of

buildings that have water around them.