VALVES

WHAT IS VALVE???
• A valve is a device that regulates, directs or
controls the flow of a fluid (gases, liquids,
fluidized solids, or slurries) by opening,
closing, or partially obstructing various
passageways. Valves are technically fittings ,
but are usually discussed as a separate
category. In an open valve, fluid flows in a
direction from higher pressure to lower
pressure.
CLASSIFICATION OF VALVES BASED ON
THEIR FUNCTION.
• ISOLATION VALVE
An isolation valve in a fluid handling
system, that stops the flow of process media to a given
location, usually for maintenance or safety purposes.

1. Gate valve
2. Plug valve
3. Ball valve
4. Piston valve
5. Diaphragm valve
6. Butterfly valve
7. Pinch valve
 • REGULATION VALVE (CONTROL VALVE)

A control valve is used to control fluid flow by

varying the size of the flow passage.
This enables the direct control of flow rate and the
consequential control of process quantities such as pressure,
temperature, and liquid level.

1. Globe valve
2. Plug valve
3. Ball valve
4. Piston valve
5. Diaphragm valve
6. Butterfly valve
7. Pinch valve
8. Needle valve
• NON RETURN VALVE

A Check valve, Clack valve, Non return valve or

One-way valve is a valve that normally allows
fluid (liquid or gas) to flow through it, only in one
direction.
Basically classified as:
• SWING CHECK VALVE
• LIFT CHECK VALVE
 USE OF VALVE IN PIPING SYSTEM.
• Controlling services
• Isolating equipment for maintenance purpose
• Isolating instrument for maintenance purpose
• Draining fluids from equipment and piping
• Venting air , gas from equipment and piping
• Emergency shutdown in case of leakage of
fluid
 GATE VALVE
• GATE VALVES ARE WIDELY USED FOR ALL TYPES OF
APPLICATIONS AND ARE SUITABLE FOR BOTH ABOVE
GROUND AND UNDERGROUND INSTALLATION.
• Gate valves are designed to operate fully open or fully
closed. Because they operate slowly they prevent fluid
hammer.
• They are installed in pipelines as isolating valves, and should
not be used as control or regulating valves.
• Gate valves are often used when minimum pressure loss and
a free bore is needed. When fully open, a typical gate valve
has no obstruction in the flow path resulting in a very low
pressure loss
 CLASSIFICATION OF GATE VALVE
• SOCKET WELDED
• THREADED
• FLANGED
 Advantages of Gate Valves
1. They have good shutoff characteristics.
2. They are bidirectional.
3. The pressure loss through the valve is
minimal.
 Disadvantages of Gate Valves
1. Gate valves are not quick opening or closing valves.
Full-stem travel to open or close a gate valve requires
many turns of its hand wheel or an actuator.
2. Gate valves require large space envelope for
installation, operation, and mainte- nance.
3. In systems experiencing high-temperature
fluctuations, wedge-gate valves may have excessive
leakage past the seats due to changes in the angular
relationship between the wedge and the valve seats
caused by piping loads on the valve ends.
4. Repair or machining of valve seats in place is
difficult.
• Gate valves normally have flanged ends . Gate valves
are typically constructed from cast iron, cast carbon
steel, gun metal, stainless steel, alloy steels, and forged
steels.
• Gate valves are characterized as having either a rising
or a nonrising stem. Valves with rising stems are used
when it is important to know by immediate inspection
whether the valve is open or closed . Nonrising stems
are used where vertical space is limited or
underground. The stem is threaded into the gate. As
the hand wheel on the stem is rotated, the gate travels
up or down the stem on the threads while the stem
remains vertically stationary. This type of valve will
almost always have a pointer indicator threaded onto
the upper end of the stem to indicate the position of
the gate.
 PLUG VALVE
• Plug valves are valves with cylindrical or
conically tapered "plugs" which can be rotated
inside the valve body to control flow through
the valve. Plug valves, also called cocks,
generally are used for the same full-flow
service as gate valves, where quick shutoff is
required. They are used for steam, water, oil,
gas, and chemical liquid service. Plug valves
are not generally designed for the regulation
of flow.
Picture
 Advantages of Plug Valves

1.Simple design with few parts.

2.Quick to open or close.
3. Can be serviced in place.
4.Offers minimal resistance to flow.
 Disadvantages of Plug Valves

1. Requires greater force to actuate, due to high

friction.
2. NPS 4 (DN 100) and larger valves require use
of actuators.
3. Reduced port, due to tapered plug.
4. Typically, plug valves may cost more than ball
valves.
 Typical Applications of Plug Valves
• Air, gaseous, and vapor services
• Natural gas piping systems
• Coal slurries, mineral ores, mud, and sewage
applications
• Oil piping systems
• Vacuum to high-pressure applications
 BALL VALVE

Ball valve is a form of quarter-turn valve which

uses a hollow, perforated and pivoting ball to
control flow through it. It is open when
the ball's hole is in line with the flow and closed
when it is pivoted 90-degrees by
the valve handle
 ADVANTAGE
• Ball valves are durable
• Performing well after many cycles, and reliable,
closing securely even after long periods of use.
• Excellent choice for shutoff and control
applications,
• Ball valve is ease to operate & repair.
• Supports pressures up to
1000 bar and temperatures up to 752 °F (400 °C),
depending on design and materials used.
 DISADVANTAGE
• One disadvantage of a ball valve is that they trap
water in the center cavity while in the closed
position. In the event of a freeze, the sides can
crack due to expansion of ice forming
• Wear and tear: When used to regulate the wrong
types of fluids, such as slurries, ball valves can
stick in position and become jammed due to
suspended particles being trapped. This can
cause the valve to wear, or to become damaged
or stuck
 DIAPHRAGM VALVE
• Diaphragm valves (or membrane valves)
consists of a valve body with two or more
parts, a diaphragm, and a "weir or saddle" or
seat upon which the diaphragm closes
the valve. The valve is constructed from either
plastic or metal.
 Advantages of Diaphragm Valves
1.Can be used as on-off and throttling service valves.
2. Offer good chemical resistance due to variety of linings
available.
3. Stem leakage is eliminated.
4. Does not have pockets to trap solids, slurries, and other
impurities. It is suitable for slurries and viscous fluids.
5. These valves are particularly suitable for hazardous
chemicals and radioactive fluids.
6. These valves do not permit contamination of flow
medium, thus they are used extensively in food
processing, pharmaceutical, brewing, and other
applications which cannot tolerate any contamination.
Disadvantages of Diaphragm Valves
1. The weir may prevent full drainage of piping.
2. Working temperatures and pressures are
limited by the diaphragm material. Generally the
pressures are limited to 200 psi (1380 kPa) and
temperatures up to 400 F (204 C).
3. The diaphragm may also limit the hydrostatic
pressure.
4. The diaphragm may experience erosion when
used extensively in severe throttling service
containing impurities.
5. Diaphragm valves are available in limited sizes,
usually NPS ¹⁄₂ to 12 (DN 15 to 300).
 Typical Applications of Diaphragm Valves

1. Clean or dirty water and air service

applications
2. De-mineralized water systems
3. Corrosive applications
4. Rad waste systems in nuclear facilities
5. Vacuum service
6. Food processing, pharmaceutical, and
brewing systems
 Types of Diaphragm Valves
• Primarily there are two basic designs of
diaphragm valves:
• Weir Type
• straight-through types.
 weir Type
• a weir is provided as an integral part of the valve
body. The weir acts as the valve seat against
which the diaphragm is compressed to stop the
flow. This type of diaphragm valve is generally
produced in large sizes. The raised weir reduces
the amount of diaphragm travel from the fully
open to the fully closed position, thus reducing
the amount of stress and strain in the diaphragm.
 Straight-Through Diaphragm Valves
• When the straightway valve is open, its
diaphragm lifts high for full streamline flow in
either direction. When the valve is closed, the
diaphragm seals tight for positive closure even
with gritty or fibrous materials in the line.
 BUTTERFLY VALVE
• Rotating the actuator turns the disc either
parallel or perpendicular to the flow. Unlike a
ball valve, the disc is always present within
the flow, so it induces a pressure drop, even
when open. A butterfly valve is from a family
of valves called quarter-turn valves.
 ADVANTAGE
• They are small and, when actuated
pneumatically, open and close very quickly.
• The disc is lighter than a ball, and the valve
requires less structural support than a ball
valve of comparable diameter.
• Butterfly valves are very precise, which makes
them advantageous in industrial applications.
• They are quite reliable and require very little
maintenance
 DISADVANTAGE
• One disadvantage of butterfly valves is that
some portion of the disc is always presented
to the flow, even when fully opened.
 APPLICATION
1. Cooling water, air, gases, and other similar applications
2. Corrosive services requiring lined valves
3. Food processing, chemical, and pharmaceutical services
4. Slurry and similar services
5. High-pressure and high-temperature water and steam services
6. Throttling service involving low differential pressures, as in
cooling water or air supply systems
7. Vacuum service
 PINCH VALVE
• A pinch valve is a full bore or fully ported type
of control valve which uses a pinching effect
to obstruct fluid flow.
 PINCH VALVE
• Major components of a pinch valve consists of
body and a sleeve
• The sleeve material can be selected upon the
corrosiveness and abrasiveness of the flow
media, a suitable synthetic polymer can be
chosen.
• A pinch valve may be the best type of valve
for flow control application if the operation
temperature is within the limit of the polymer.
 ADVANTAGE
• Low & easy maintenance
• Low weight
• Very fast opening/closing times
• Less air consumption
• Self cleaning
• Permanent seal with tight shutoff
• Minimal turbulence & friction
• No mechanical parts, and no bearings, seals or
packing required.
• Only one replaceable part (elastomer sleeve)
 DISADVANTGES
• Temperature range is limted
• Medium operating pressure is limited
• Face to face length may be an issue when
limited space for fitting the valve is available.
 APPLICATION
• Cement industry
• Waste water industry
• Chemical industry
• Food industry
• Beverage industry
• Ceramic-/Glass-/Plastic industry
 PISTON VALVE
• A piston valve is a device used to control the
motion of a fluid along a tube or pipe by
means of the linear motion of a piston within
a chamber or cylinder.
 APPLICATION

• EXCELLENT PERFORMANCE IN STEAM SERVICE

• PREFERD VALVE FOR THERMIC FLUID
SERVICE(HIGH TEMP. 2500C AND UPWARDS)
• FATTY ACID
• GASSES AND HAZARDOUS FLUIDS.
 GLOBE VALVE
• A globe valve, different from ball valve, is a
type of valve used for regulating flow in a
pipeline, consisting of a movable disk-type
element and a stationary ring seat in a
generally spherical body.
 ADVANTAGE
1 Full closing feature is good.
2. Throttling feature is good.
3. Compared to gate valves, stroke is shorter
so opening-closing time is shorter.
4. Body ring seating surface process is easier.
 Disadvantages

1. Compared to gate valves, pressure loss is

higher.
2. They require a larger amount of force or an
actuator with a larger torque, to close under
high pressure
 APPLICATION
1. Cooling water systems where flow needs to be regulated

2. Fuel oil system where flow is regulated and leak tightness is

of importance.

3. High-point vents and low-point drains when leak tightness

and safety are major considerations.
4. Feed water, chemical feed, condenser air extraction, and
extraction drain systems.
5. Boiler vents and drains, main steam vents and drains, and
heater drains.
6. Turbine seals and drains.
 Swing check valve or Tilting disc
check valve
• A swing check valve or tilting disc check
valve is a check valve in which the disc, the
movable part to block the flow, swings on a
hinge or trunnion , either onto the seat to
block reverse flow or off the seat to allow
forward flow. large check valves are often
swing check valves
SWING CHECK VALVE
 LIFT CHECK VALVE
• Lift check valves are particularly adapted for
high-pressure service where velocity of flow is
high. In lift check valves, the piston disc is
accurately guided by long contact and a close
sliding fit with the perfectly centered dash
pot.
 ADVANTAGE OF CHECK VALVE
• They are self-actuated and require no external
means to actuate the valve either to open or
close. They are fast acting.
 DISADVANTGE OF CHECK VALVE
• 1. Since all moving parts are enclosed, it is
difficult to determine whether the valve is
open or closed. Furthermore, the condition of
internal parts cannot be assessed.
• 2. Each type of check valve has limitations on
its installation configurations.
• 3. Valve disc can stick in open position.