POWER SYSTEM -I

EE3004 POWER SYSTEMS - I

Pre-requisites: None
Total Hours: 42 Hours
Module 1: (10 hours) Conventional sources of electrical energy -
thermal, hydroelectric, diesel and nuclear power plants -
renewable energy sources - power plant economics operating
costs - load factor - demand factor - diversity factor - plant factor
tariffs-distributed generation-microgrid-smartgrid.
Module 2: (10 hours) Overhead transmission systems -
arrangement of conductors - sag and tension transmission line
supports -choice of transmission voltage - line insulators - failure
of insulation - corona - underground cables - different types -
capacitance of single core and three corecables - grading of
cables.
Module 3: (10 hours) Distribution systems - classification and
arrangement of distribution systems distribution substation layout and
arrangement - economic loading of distribution transformers - Kelvin's
law - considerations in primary and secondary distribution system
design - current distribution and voltage drop calculation-design of
feeders and distributors - improvement of existing distribution systems
- LT capacitor installation - System and equipment earthing- Energy
Conservation Measures-Power quality issues and mitigation
techniques-distribution system planning and automation-traction-
heating-welding-lighting.

Module 4: (12 hours) Switch gear and protection .Circuit breaker-Types-

rating .Selection - Neutral earthing- Lightning and protection -
Protective Relays-Functions- Types of Relays-protection schemes-
NEC and importance of relevant IS/IEC Specification
 TEXT/REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. NAGARATH & KOTHARI: "POWER SYSTEM

ENGINEERING"
2. NAGSARKAR & SUKHIJA: 'POWER SYSTEM
A1TALYSIS"
3. R, K. RAJPUT :"A TEXT BOOK OF POWER SYSTEM E
GINEERING"
 SIGNIFICANCE OF ELETRICAL ENERGY

 An essential ingredient of our day today life

 Backbone of industrial world of today

 For comfort, convenience and safety

 Generated centrally in bulk and transmitted economically over

long distances
 Adapted easily and efficiently to domestic and industrial
applications particularly for lighting and mechanical work.
 Versatile form of energy
Per capita consumption of electrical energy is a reliable indicator of a
country’s state of development

PER CAPITA ELECTRICITY

COUNTRY CONSUMPTION

UNITED STATES 12,877.72 kWh/person

JAPAN 7,432.25 kWh/person

CHINA 939.03 kWh/person

INDIA 487.54 kWh/person

PAKISTAN 394.81 kWh/person

 ANNUAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION

COUNTRY ANNUAL ENERGY

CONSUMPTION

UNITED STATES 3613 Trillion kWh

CHINA 1206 Trillion kWh

JAPAN 943 Trillion kWh

RUSSIA 767 Trillion kWh

INDIA 509 Trillion kWh

PAKISTAN 62.27 Trillion kWh

 EVOLUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM
 Commercial use of electricity began in late1870’s
 First complete electric power systems was built by Thomas A
Edison at the historic pearl street station in New York city in
september 1882
 A DC system consisting of a steam engine driven DC
generator; 59 customers; load consisted of incandescent
lamps supplied at 110kv.
 Limitations of DC systems
 At low voltage level, high I2R losses and voltage drop;
power delivery limited to short distances.
 High voltage levels are not acceptable for generation and
consumption
 Need for a convenient means for voltage transformation
 EVOLUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM
 Development of transformers and AC transmission by L. Gaulard
and J D Gibbs
 In 1886, William Stanley developed and tested a commercially
practical transformer and AC distribution system for 150 lamps at
great Barrington at Massachusetts
 In 1889, the first AC transmission line in North America was put
into operation in Oregon; it was a single phase line transmitting
power at 4000 V over a distance of 21 km
 Development of polyphase system by Nikola Tesla
 Westing house, George of US bought the patents to the inventions
of AC generators, motors, transformers and transmission systems
 EVOLUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM

 In 1990, AC system superseded DC system

 Voltage levels can be easily transformed
 AC generators are much simpler than DC generators
 AC motors are much simpler ad cheaper than DC motors
 Problem of interconnection, the frequency was standardized
60 Hz in North America and 50 Hz in most other countries
 POWER SECTOR IN INDIA
Pre Independence:
Generation undertaken by private sector; limited to urban areas.
 1897: Commissioning of 130 kW generator at Sidrapong,
Darjeeling.
 1899: Calcutta Electric Supply Company (CESC) established
first 1000 kW steam engine driven plant.
 Post Independence
 1950’s: Power sector undertaken by state electricity boards
 1975: GOI set up NHPC and NTPC
 Installed generation capacity
 1950’s: 1713 MW
 End of 10th plan: 100 GW
 POWER SECTOR IN INDIA
 Per capita energy consumption
 1950’s:15.6 kWhr

 2003-’04: 592 kWhr

 GOI scheme: MISSION 2020: POWER FOR ALL

 Regulated power sector: Monopolistic and risk free environment.

 Deregulated power sector: Restructuring of power system;

competitive environment and subjected to market risks.

 Electricity Act 2003: Market oriented management in the power

sector