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Conditions of Learning
Donna Margaret
Syanti Dewi
Marcia Tadjuddin
Syaiful Lokan
Robert M. Gagné
(1916-2002)
Human
learning
generalizes
to a variety
of situations.
Nature of
Human
Learning
Human
learning is
cumulative.
Conditions of Learning
Verbal
Information
Cognitive Intellectual
Strategies Skills
Prerequisite
skills
Learners
Internal States Attitude that
Internal
influence the
Conditions
Cognitive new learning
Processes
Nine Phases of Learning
1. Attending
2. Expectancy
5. Semantic Encoding
7. Reinforcement
8. Cueing retrieval
9. Generalizability
The Nine Phases of Learning
1. Learner characteristics
2. Cognitive Processes and Instruction
3. The Social Context for Learning
21
1. Learner Characteristics
• Individual differences
Cognitive strategies
Rate of learning
Entry capabilities < may be assessed at
beginning points
22
1. Learner Characteristics
• Readiness
Lower skills in the hierarchy of intellectual
skills have been acquired (essential
prerequisite capabilities).
The essential rules and concepts has been
grasp and understood.
• Motivation
To design an effective instruction, we need to
identify students’ motives and channel those
motives into productive activities that lead to
the accomplishment of educational objectives.
Achievements motivation (David McClelland’s)
Incentive motivation 23
Task motivation
2. Cognitive Processes and Instruction
• Transfer of learning
Retrieval of capabilities at the conclusion of
the 9 instructional events.
Application of skills by introducing new
situations.
• Learning “How-to-Learn” skills
Every individual has ways to manage his or
her learning, remembering and thinking.
Although not always easy, we should
challenge students to work up to their
potential. This can improve their how-to-
learn skills. 24
2. Cognitive Processes and Instruction
25
3. The Social Context for Learning
Designing Developing Models of
Instructional Systems Teaching