Conten

ts
Introduction.
Salient Features.
Impediments to Silicon Design.
Graphene in Electronics.
Current Prototypes Of Graphene.
 What to expect from Graphene -Major Applications
Conclusion.
References.
 Introducti
on
 Graphene is an Allotrope of Carbon.
 Andre Geim and Konstanstin Novoslev won 2010
Physics Nobel prize for “Groundbreaking
Experiments with 2D material Graphene”.
 Researches are testing various prototypes of
Graphene which could replace Silicon based devices.
 Graphene could possibly replace or enhance current
Silicon based devices.
 Salient
Features
 Thinnest imaginable material.
 Largest surface area(~3,000 m2 per gram).
 Strongest material ever measured(theoretical limit).
 Stiffest know material(stiffer than diamond)
 Most stretchable & pliable crystal(up to 20% elastically)
 Record thermal conductivity(outperforming diamond).
 Highest current density at room temp(million times of
Cu)
 Completely impermeable (even He atoms cannot
squeeze through)
 Highest intrinsic mobility(100 times of Si)
 Lightest charge carriers(zero rest mass)
 Longest mean free path at room T (micron range).
 Impediments to Silicon Design

 After replacing Vacuum Tubes,

Silicon is so far used for most of
the electronic components.
 Conduction due to Diffusion in
Silicon.
 Power consumption by Silicon
devices is higher.
 Fragile and Non-Flexible.
 Temperature dependent
properties.
 Limit on integration of circuits.
Graphene has unusual energy bands

• The Pz electrons (2 in each hexagon) completely fill the lower

band.

[Ordinary semiconductors or insulators] Graphene (gapless semiconductor)

 For Use in Electronics: Generation of Bandgap

• Graphene is an uniform
structure with no Band Gap.
• Band Gap can be induced by
layers of Graphene sheets or
application of external
electrical field.
• Electron mobility is 2500
cm^2/s, which is around 100
times faster than Silicon.
• Graphene has great
strength and is invisible.
• It is Photosensitive.
 Current Prototypes Of Graphene

 Graphene Transistors(Tunable Transistors)

 Ultra Capacitors
 Graphene Solar Cells
 Graphene based Sensors.
 Transparent Display Screens
 Heat Dissipation
 Graphene Transistors

• No Band Gap as Such, Very small band gap, 250meV.

• Band gap is achieved by two layers of Graphene.
• Difficult to distinguish between On and Off stages.
• Problems
 Pure graphene is a particularly good conductor, it is a terrible
semiconductor - the kind of material needed to make
transistors.
 Adding metal contacts to graphene - to shuttle electric
charges into and out of it - is tricky, and often results in
damage.
 GT
Contd…….
• A high-energy beam of charged atoms to etch "channels" into thin silicon
carbide wafers defining where different transistor parts would be.
• A bit of hydrogen gas in during this process. This affected how the top graphene
layer was chemically joined to the underlying silicon carbide: either making a
given region conducting or semiconducting, depending on the etched channels.

Schematics of different graphene MOSFET types: back-gated MOSFET (left); top-gated MOSFET with a
channel of exfoliated graphene or of graphene grown on metal and transferred to a SiO2-covered Si wafer
(middle); top-gated MOSFET with an epitaxial-graphene channel (right). The channel shown in red can
consist of either large-area graphene or graphenenanoribbons
 Characteristics of
GMOSFET’s

Direct-current behaviour of graphene MOSFeTs with a large-area-graphene channel. a, Typical transfer

characteristics for two MOSFETs with large-area-graphene channels. The on–off ratios are about 3 (MOSFET 1)
and 7 (MOSFET 2), far below what is needed for applications in logic circuits. Unlike conventional Si MOSFETs,
current flows for both positive and negative top-gate voltages. b, Qualitative shape of the output
characteristics (drain current, ID, versus drain–source voltage, VDS) of a MOSFET with an n-type large-area-
graphene channel, for different values of the top-gate voltage, VGS,top. Saturation behaviour can be seen. At
sufficiently large VDS values, the output characteristics for different VGS,top values may cross75, leading to a
zero or even negative transconductance, which means that the gate has effectively lost control of the current.
 Ultra
• Multiple layers of
Capacitor
Graphene can hold greater charge in
smaller area.
• Graphene supercapacitors were created using a LightScribe
DVD burner.
• Power densities far beyond existing electrochemical
capacitors, possibly within reach of conventional lithium-
ion and nickel metal hydride batteries.
 UC
contnd..
• The team, which was led by Richard Kaner of UCLA, started by smearing
graphite oxide — a cheap and very easily produced material — films on blank
DVDs. These discs are then placed in a LightScribe drive, where a 780nm
infrared laser reduces the graphite oxide to pure graphene.

• The laser-scribed graphene (LSG) is peeled off and placed on a flexible substrate,
and then cut into slices to become the electrodes.

• Two electrodes are sandwiched together with a layer of electrolyte in the

middle — and voila, a high-density electrochemical capacitor, or supercapacitor
as they’re more popularly known are created.
 Graphene in Li-Ion battery
• While computing power roughly doubles every 18 months, battery
technology is almost at a standstill.
• Supercapacitors, which suffer virtually zero degradation over 10,000
cycles or more, have been cited as a possible replacement for low-energy
devices, such as smartphones.
• With their huge power density, supercapacitors could also revolutionize
electric vehicles, where huge lithium-ion batteries really struggle to strike
a balance between mileage, acceleration, and longevity.
• It’s also worth noting, however, that lithium-ion batteries themselves
have had their capacity increased by 10 times thanks to the addition of
graphene. Either way, then, graphene seems like it will play a major role in
the future of electronics.
 Solar cells with
•
Graphene
The discovery - made by researchers at the Institute of Photonic Science (ICFO), in
collaboration with Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Max Planck Institute for
Polymer Research, and Graphenea S.L. Donostia- San Sebastian - demonstrates that
graphene is able to convert a single photon that it absorbs into multiple electrons
that could drive electric current.

• We have seen that high energy photons are converted into a larger number of
excited electrons than low energy photons.

• The large scale production of highly transparent graphene films by chemical vapour
deposition.

• In this process, researchers create ultra-thin graphene sheets by first depositing

carbon atoms in the form of graphene films on a nickel plate from methane gas.
Then they lay down a protective layer of thermo plastic over the graphene layer and
dissolve the nickel underneath in an acid bath. In the final step they attach the
plastic-protected graphene to a very flexible polymer sheet, which can then be
incorporated into a OPV cell (graphene photovoltaics).
 Graphene-based Natural Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

• The counter electrode (CE) - catalytic Platinum (Pt) film deposited

on TCOs like ITO or FTO.

• Require high temperature processing, hindering the deposition on

some substrates (e.g., polymeric substrates).

• Moreover, they are brittle- flexibility is required. On the other

hand, Pt tends to degrade over time when in contact with the (I-
/I3-) liquid electrolyte, reducing the overall efficiency of DSSCs.

• In this context carbonaceous materials(like Graphene) feature

good catalytic properties, electronic conductivity, corrosion
resistance towards iodine, high reactivity, abundance, and low
cost.
 DSSC
• Dye - Continued…
Transition metal coordination compound complexes, and
synthetic organic dyes -based on tedious and expensive

• chromatographic purification procedures.

• Natural dyes and their organic derivatives
are non toxic, biodegradable, low in cost,
renewable and abundant, so they are the
ideal candidate for environmentally friendly
solar cells.
• The combination of Graphene and natural
sensitizers opens up new scenarios for
totally green, natural, environmentally
friendly and low cost DSSCs.
 Sensors With
Graphene

 Many sensing approaches, such as electrochemistry, surface enhanced

Raman spectroscopy (SERS) and surface plasma resonance (SPR), have
been used to develop highly sensitive and selective, low cost sensing
devices aiming at the detection of numerous toxic chemicals and in
particular, biomolecules in the aqueous environment. Electronic sensors
based on field-effect transistors (FETs)are favored due to their high
sensitivity, simple device configuration, low cost, miniaturization of
devices, and real-time detection.
 The realization of electronic detection is based on the conductance
change of FET semiconducting channels upon adsorption of target
molecules.
 Transparent Touch
Screens
Advancements in touch
screens

When mixed into plastics,

graphene can turn theminto
conductors of electricity
Stiffer-stronger-lighter plastics
What to expect from Graphene --Major Applications
 CONCLUS
ION
• Graphene is a new hope for electronic devices and could
possibly replace or rejuvenate Silicon based devices. It
seems to be a better material than Silicon and CNT.

• Lack of Natural Band Gap prevents Graphene to replace

Silicon based devices very now.

• Successful prototypes include Superconductor, Flexible

Displays and Ultra-Capacitor.

• It shall introduce new era of devices for electronics, space,

bio-medical and energy harvesting.

• Graphene devices might surround us very soon.