Impedance and Reactance

Diagrams
Load Flow Analysis
Single-Line Diagram of Power System:

Per-unit Impedance Diagram:

Short-Circuit Fault Analysis…
• Resistance is often ignored when making fault
calculations, even in computer programs.
• Although, the omission of resistance introduces
some error, but this error is tolerate able as the value
of inductive reactance of the system is much larger
than its resistance.
• Loads which do not include the rotating machinery
have little effect on the line current during the fault
and are usually omitted.
• In the same way shunt-admittance of transformer
and shunt capacitance of transmission line are
ignored to simplify the short-circuit analysis.
Short-Circuit Fault Analysis…
• The diagram of the system after all these
simplification is know as reactance diagram.
• These simplification are only applied for fault
calculation.
Single-Line Diagram of Power System:

Per-unit Impedance Diagram :

Short-Circuit Fault Analysis
Per-unit Impedance Diagram:

Reactance Diagram of Power System:

Loading Capability Diagram of
Synchronous Generator
Reactive Power Control
P = |Vt||Ia|cos θ = Constant
Constant Power
Locus of Ia
Constant Power
Locus of Ei

Ei
jIaXd
δ
θ Vt
Ia
 Ei
jIaXd
δ
θ Vt
Ia
Ia

θ
δ Vt
jIaXd
Ei
 |Ia|Xd

Vt

Ei
Ia θ δ
 m
|Ia|Xd
θ
o
Vt

Ei 𝑽𝒕
Ia θ δ 𝑿𝒅

n
 +𝑸 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝑴𝑽𝑨
𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝑴𝑽𝑨𝑹
𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝑴W
𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝑰𝒇
m 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 PF
𝑽𝒕 𝑰𝒂

θ
o 𝑷
𝟐
𝑽𝒕
𝑿𝒅 𝑽𝒕 𝑬𝒊
𝑿𝒅

Ia θ δ

n
−𝑸
+𝑸
𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆
𝑷𝒓𝒊𝒎𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒓 𝑳𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒕
𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝑶𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
m 𝑴𝑽𝑨 𝑳𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒕
𝑬𝒙𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑳𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒕

𝑽𝒕 𝑰𝒂

θ = 25.84o
o θ
𝑷

𝑽𝒕 𝟐
𝑳𝒐𝒘 𝑬𝒙𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝑿𝒅
𝑽𝒕 𝑬𝒊
𝑳𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒕
δ 𝑿𝒅 𝟏𝟎𝟎% 𝑬𝒙𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
m’
n
−𝑸
+𝑸

𝑽𝒕 𝑰𝒂

θ
o θ
𝑷
𝑽𝒕 𝑬𝒊
𝑽𝒕 𝟐 𝑿𝒅
𝑿𝒅
δ
m’
n
−𝑸
+𝑸
𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆
𝑷𝒓𝒊𝒎𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒓 𝑳𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒕
𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝑶𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
m 𝑴𝑽𝑨 𝑳𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒕
𝑬𝒙𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑳𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒕

θ = 25.84o
o 𝑷

𝑳𝒐𝒘 𝑬𝒙𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝑳𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒕
δ

n
−𝑸
+𝑸
𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆
𝑷𝒓𝒊𝒎𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒓 𝑳𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒕
𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝑶𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
m 𝑴𝑽𝑨 𝑳𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒕
𝑬𝒙𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑳𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒕

θ = 25.84o
o 𝑷

𝑳𝒐𝒘 𝑬𝒙𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝑳𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒕
δ

n
−𝑸
+𝑸
𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆
𝑷𝒓𝒊𝒎𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒓 𝑳𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒕
𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝑶𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
m 𝑴𝑽𝑨 𝑳𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒕
𝑬𝒙𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑳𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒕

θ = 25.84o
o 𝑷

𝑳𝒐𝒘 𝑬𝒙𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝑳𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒕
δ

n
−𝑸