Threshold 3

The Chemical Elements

Ma. Rubeth R. Hipolito
 Threshold 3 : Chemically Enriched Universe
Ingredients Structure Goldilocks Emergent
Conditions Properties
Aging and Dying Increasing Stars running out Chemistry is born
Stars number of of hydrogen fuels
PROTONS linked
by strong nuclear
force 92 elements each
Very High Giant stars with it’s own
Temperatures collapsing distinct structures
leading to and properties
supernova scattered
spewing out throughout space
elements of the and combining
periodic table with one another
to form chemical
compounds that
interact in
complex ways
How are they grouped?
-- Properties (Appearance and Behavior)
1. melting point and boiling point
2. temperature: from solid to liquid and from liquid to gas
3. reaction - to and with other elements
 What are ATOMS and ELEMENTS?
 Matter

 Molecules (smallest amount of a compound)

Atomic no. ( = PROTON )

 Atoms basic building blocks
Atomic mass ( = PROTON and NEUTRON) of matter

shell
nucleus P+N electron
CHARGE:
 Proton + Neutron + Electron P = E (= 0)
P > E (= +) Cation

Positive Neutral Negative P < E (= -) Anion

 1-92 1-26 Nuclear Fusion
Occur naturally on earth Lighter Elements to
(H- Ur) heavier

 93 and above = non-natural elements

HOW ARE CHEMICAL ELEMENTS FORMED?
 1. Nuclear Fusion A. Stellar Nucleosynthesis (85:15)

B. Supernova Nucleosynthesis
(Energy + Neutrons)
- Small nuclei are forced together to form a nucleus
- SMALL to LARGE
H + H = He
1 + 1 = 2

 2. Nuclear Fission - larger nucleus is broken down into smaller parts

LARGE to SMALL