Day 3 Weld Joint Geometry, Welding and NDE Symbols

Module 4 - 1
Module 4
Weld Joint Geometry
------
Welding and NDE
Symbols
Am e r i c a n We l d i n g So c i e t y
Module 4 - 2
5 Basic Joint Types
Refer to A3.0-94, Fig 1, page 41
 Butt
 Corner
 T-Joint
 Lap
 Edge
Module 4 - 3
Butt Joint
A Joint between 2
members aligned
approximately in
the same plane
Module 4 - 4
Butt Joint - Applicable Welds
 Bevel-groove  U-groove
 Flare-bevel-groove  V-groove
 Flare-v-groove  Edge-flange
 J-groove  Braze
 Square-groove
Module 4 - 5
Corner Joint
A Joint between 2
members located
approximately at right
angles to each other in
the form of an L
Module 4 - 6
Corner Joint - Applicable Welds

 Fillet  V-groove
 Bevel-groove  Plug
 Flare-bevel-groove  Slot
 Flare-v-groove  Spot
 J-groove  Seam
 Square-groove  Projection
 U-groove  Braze
Module 4 - 7
T-Joint
A Joint between 2
members located at
approximately right
angles to each other in
the form of a T
Module 4 - 8
T Joint - Applicable Welds
 Fillet  Slot
 Bevel-groove  Spot
 Flare-bevel-groove  Seam
 J-groove  Projection
 Square-groove  Braze
 Plug
Module 4 - 9
Lap Joint
A Joint between 2
overlapping members
in parallel planes
Module 4 - 10
Lap Joint - Applicable Welds
 Fillet  Slot
 Bevel-groove  Spot
 Flare-bevel-groove  Seam
 J-groove  Projection
 Plug  Braze
Module 4 - 11
Edge Joint
A Joint between the

edges of 2 or more
parallel, or nearly
parallel, members
Module 4 - 12
Edge Joint - Applicable Welds
 Bevel-groove  U-groove
 Flare-bevel-groove  V-groove
 Flare-v-groove  Edge
 J-groove  Seam
 Square-groove
Module 4 - 13
Joint Nomenclature
Refer to A3.0-94, Figs 4, 5, 6, 7, pages 44 - 47
 Joint root  Groove radius
 Groove face  Root opening
 Root edge  Edge shapes
 Root face – square
– single or double bevel
 Bevel angle
– single or double J
 Depth of bevel
– round
 Groove angle
Module 4 - 14
Figure 4 -
 Joint Root
Module 4 - 15
Figure 5 -
 Groove Face
 Root Edge
 Root Face
Module 4 - 16
Figure 6 -
 Bevel Angle
 Bevel Depth
 Groove Angle
 Groove Radius
 Root Opening
Module 4 - 17
Figure 7 -
Edge Shapes
 Square
 Single Bevel
 Double Bevel
 Single J
 Double J
 Flange
 Round
Module 4 - 18
Joint Geometry - Key Learnings

Refer to A3.0-94, Figures 4, 5, 6, pages 44 - 46
 A joint root can be linear in nature, or an

area
 A surface can be both a Root face & a Groove
face
 An angle can be both a Bevel angle and a
Groove angle
Module 4 - 19
Weld Joints
Refer to A3.0-94, Figs 8, 9, 10, 14, 15
 Single groove - p 48
 Double-groove - p 49
 Flanged Joints - p 50
 Seam and Spot - p 53
 Various - p 54
Module 4 - 20
Figure 8 -
Single Groove Welds
 Single Square
 Single Bevel
 Single V
 Single J
 Single U
 Single Flare Bevel
 Single Flare V
Module 4 - 21
Figure 8 -
Single Groove Welds
 Double Square
 Double Bevel
 Double V
 Double J
 Double U
 Double Flare Bevel
 Double Flare V
Module 4 - 22
Figure 10 -
Flanged Welds
 Edge - Flanged Butt
 Edge - Melt Through
 Edge - Flanged Corner
 Square, Flare V
 RSW in Flanged Corner
 Fillet, Flare-Bevel in T
Module 4 - 23
Figure 14 -
Seam, Spot Welds
 Arc Seam Weld

 EB Seam Weld
 RSW Seam Weld
 RSW Spot Welds
 Arc Spot Welds
Module 4 - 24
Figure 15 -
Various Welds
 Upset Weld
 Flash Weld
 Surfacing Weld
 Slot Welds
 Plug Welds
 Fillet Welds
Module 4 - 25
Welding Position
Refer to A3.0-94, Figs 16 - 21, pages 55 - 64
 Review position diagrams & tables for groove

and fillet welds in plate and pipe - pages 55-57
 Review welding test positions for groove and
fillet welds on plate and pipe - pages 58-63
 Note error in Fig 19D, page 61
 Review Torch Position in Fig 21, page 64
Module 4 - 26
Welding Beads, Sequences

Refer to A3.0-94, Figs 22 -23, pages 65 - 67
 Stringer bead  Block sequence

 Weave bead  Cascade sequence
 Backstep sequence  Layers vs beads
Module 4 - 27
Parts Of A Weld
Refer to A3.0-94, Fig 24, pages 68 - 70
 Toe  Bead
 Face  Back weld
 Face reinforcement  Backing weld
 Root reinforcement  Spacer
 Root surface  Heat-Affected Zone
 Weld Root (HAZ)
Module 4 - 28
Figure 24 -
Parts of Welds
 Weld Face
 Weld Toe
 Face Reinforcement
 Root Reinforcement
 Weld Root
 Back Weld
 Backing Weld
Module 4 - 29
Figure 24 -
Parts of Welds
 Weld Root
 Leg, Face, Toe
 Spacer
 Weld Metal
 Heat Affected Zone
Module 4 - 30
Figure 24 -
Parts of Welds
 Weld Root
 Weld Bead
 Dilution Percent
Module 4 - 31
Weld Sizes & Terms

Refer to A3.0, Fig 25, pages 71 - 72
Convex Fillet Concave Fillet
 Leg, size equal  Leg
 Convexity  Size (less than leg length)
 Actual throat  Concavity
 Effective throat  Actual, Effective throats
equal
 Theoretical throat
 Theoretical throat
Module 4 - 32
Convex Fillet Weld
Module 4 - 33
Concave Fillet Weld
Module 4 - 34
Joint & Root Penetration
Note Incomplete Joint Penetration dimension
Module 4 - 35
Incomplete Joint Penetration

Refer to A3.0, Fig 26 pages 75 - 76
 Term used only in reference to groove welds

 If only Partial Penetration is intended, it is
incorrect to refer to the weld as Incomplete
Joint Penetration
Module 4 - 36
Incomplete Joint Penetration
(Or Partial Joint Penetration if intended)

E total can never be > base metal thickness
Module 4 - 37
Incomplete Joint Penetration Error
Error !
Correct
Dimension
Fig 26 (c) - page 75 - Incomplete Joint Penetration
reference dimension is in error on sketch
Module 4 - 38
Melt-through, Root Surfaces
 Melt-through
 Convex root surface
 Concave root surface
– Slang term is ‘suck back’ - Don’t Use
Module 4 - 39
Incomplete Fusion
 Used in reference to both groove and fillet

welds
 Slang term often misused is ‘cold lap’
Module 4 - 40
Incomplete Fusion - 1 of 2
LACK OF INTER RUN FUSION
LACK OF SIDE WALL FUSION
LACK OF SIDE WALL FUSION +

Module 4 - 41
Incomplete Fusion - 2 of 2
Module 4 - 42
Fusion Weld Terms

Refer to A3.0, Figure 30, page 80
Module 4 - 43
Weld Discontinuities
Refer to A3.0-94, Fig 32, 33, pages 82 - 83
 Cracks - see nomenclature in Fig 33

 Undercut
 Overlap
 Underfill
Module 4 - 44
Welding Symbols - Introduction

Refer to A2.4-98
 A shorthand method of conveying welding

information
 AWS system used all over the world
 Modified as necessary to reflect needs of
industries
 Very simple, but a very powerful system
for conveying information
Module 4 - 45
Weld Symbol vs Welding Symbol

 A Weld Symbol indicates the type of Weld,
and may be a part of the Welding Symbol.
 Welding Symbol - the complete information
needed to convey the necessary welding
information to all parties, including the
welder. It contains several elements,
including the Weld Symbol.
Module 4 - 46
Weld Symbols
Module 4 - 47
Groove Weld Types - 8
 Square  U
 Scarf  J
 V  Flare-V
 Bevel  Flare-bevel
The above welds may be applied to one side

or both sides of the joint, or in combination.
Module 4 - 48
Other Weld Types - 11
 Fillet  Seam
 Plug or Slot  Back or Backing
 Stud *  Surfacing *
 Spot or Projection  Edge
* Stud and surfacing symbols are always

placed below reference line.
Module 4 - 49
Weld Symbols - Rules
 Symbols with a perpendicular leg shall have

the perpendicular leg drawn on the left side
of the symbol. (fillet, bevel-groove, J-groove,
and flare-bevel-groove)
 The symbols for Stud and Surfacing welds
shall always be drawn below the reference
line.
Module 4 - 50
Welding Symbol
Module 4 - 51
Supplementary Symbols
Module 4 - 52
Elements of Welding Symbols

Required Elements Optional Elements
 Reference Line -  Multiple reference lines
always horizontal  Tail
 Arrow  Weld Symbol
 Dimensions
 Supplementary Symbols
 Finish
 Specification, Process
Module 4 - 53
Arrow Notation
 Information applicable to
the arrow side of the joint
is placed below the
reference line
 Information applicable to
the other side of a joint is
placed above the
reference line
Module 4 - 54
Arrow Side Weld Symbols
Module 4 - 55
Other Side Weld Symbols
Module 4 - 56
Side Significance
The Weld Symbol
straddles the reference
line when there is no
side Significance
 Resistance Spot Weld
 Resistance Seam Weld
 Flash Weld
Module 4 - 57
Break in Arrow Line
A break in the arrow

line signifies that the
member the arrow
points to is the member
receiving the edge
preparation.
Module 4 - 58
Combined Weld Symbols
For joints requiring

more than one weld
type, a weld symbol
shall be used to
specify each weld
Module 4 - 59
Multiple Arrows
Two or more arrows

may be used for a
single reference line
to denote locations
where identical welds
are specified.
Module 4 - 60
Multiple Reference Lines

 Two or more
reference lines may
be used to indicate a
sequence of
operations.
 The first operation is
always on the
reference line nearest
the arrow.
Module 4 - 61
Field Weld & Weld All-Around

 The Field Weld symbol
is a solid flag, and is
always located at
junction of the arrow
and reference line.
 The Weld All-Around
symbol is a circle and is
located at junction of
the arrow and reference
line.
Module 4 - 62
Tail
The Tail is used to
specify welding
process information
or other such
information needed
to convey the
necessary welding
details.
Module 4 - 63
Welding and NDE Symbols

 Welding and NDE symbols
can be combined on the same
reference line, or on separate
multiple reference lines.
 Combining welding and
NDE symbols on multiple
reference lines often clarifies
the exact sequence of
operations required.
Module 4 - 64
Weld Contours & Finishing

 Weld surfaces can be
contoured to several shapes;
convex, concave, flush, or
flat.
 Finishing methods are
abbreviated as shown.
 ‘U’ denotes contour method
is ‘Unspecified’
 Contour symbol w/o finish
symbol means as-welded
Module 4 - 65
Symbol Dimensions?
 Tolerances, if required, are to be placed in tail
 Welding Symbols are usually drawn without
dimension units such as inches or millimeters.
 But, Welding Symbols to be used for
publications or those requiring high precision
should be dimensioned and have the
dimensional tolerances noted within the tail.
Symbol Examples Module 4 - 66
 Arrow side - V- groove
 Other side - V- groove
 Both sides - V- groove
Module 4 - 67
Symbol Examples
 Back or Backing,
single J-groove, fillet
 Single-bevel-groove,
double fillet
Module 4 - 68
Symbol Examples
 Weld all-around  Multi-plane weld
symbol is a very requirements are very simple
useful symbol to sketch using symbol
Symbol Examples
Module 4 - 69
 Square-groove butt
with melt-through
 Edge weld on flanged

butt with melt-
through
 Edge weld on flanged

corner joint with
melt-through
Module 4 - 70
Groove Weld Dimensions - 1 of 9

 Depth of Bevel, S, and
Size of Weld, (E) placed
to the left of the symbol
 1/4 inch bevel with a

3/8 inch weld
(No dimensions means
complete penetration)
Module 4 - 71

 Refer to A2.4, Fig 15, pg 31
 Examples of Groove Weld

Bevel & Weld Dimensions
 No dimensions means
complete penetration
Module 4 - 72

 The Root Opening is
placed within the weld
symbol or just outside,
and only on one side of
the reference line
 Inches or mm per shop
practice
Module 4 - 73
 Groove Angle is
placed just outside
the weld symbol
Module 4 - 74
The length of the weld shall be placed to the right

of the weld symbol. No dimension required if
weld is continuous for full length of joint.
Module 4 - 75
Pitch is the distance between centers of adjacent

weld segments. Pitch length is shown to the right
of the weld length dimension following a hyphen.
Module 4 - 76
Chain intermittent weld dimensions are to be

placed on both sides of reference line, and
opposite each other
Module 4 - 77
Staggered intermittent weld dimensions are

to be placed on both sides of reference line,
and offset from each other.
Module 4 - 78

 Refer to A2.4,
Fig 30, pages
36, 37
 Flare-Bevel &
Flare-V welds
Module 4 - 79
Back and Backing Welds
 The back and backing weld symbols are

identical. The sequence of welding
determines which designation applies.
 Back weld made after groove weld
 Backing weld made before groove weld
Module 4 - 80
Back Weld
The back weld symbol is placed on the

reference line opposite the groove weld using a
single reference line with note in tail. Or, use
multiple reference lines.
Module 4 - 81
Backing Weld
The backing weld symbol is placed on the reference

line opposite the groove weld using a single
reference line with note in tail. Or, use multiple
reference lines
Module 4 - 82
Joint With Backing
The backing symbol is placed on the reference

line opposite the weld symbol. The “R’’ refers to
removing the backing after welding is completed.
Module 4 - 83
Joint With Spacer
The spacer symbol straddles the reference line

within the weld symbol. Material, size in tail.
Module 4 - 84
Fillet Weld Dimensions - 1 of 5
The fillet weld size is shown to the left of the

symbol. For double fillets, each is dimensioned.
Module 4 - 85
Arrow Side versus Other Side for Fillet welds.

For double fillet welds, each is dimensioned.
Module 4 - 86
The fillet weld size for unequal leg fillets is

shown to the left of the symbol, with clarifying
information in the tail.
Module 4 - 87
The fillet weld length is shown to the right of

the weld symbol. When fillet weld is the full
length of the joint, no dimension is required.
Module 4 - 88

 Intermittent fillet welds follow the same
rules as intermittent groove welds regarding
pitch and placement of dimensions to the
right of the weld symbol.
 Chain and staggered fillets are used
 Fillet weld finishing symbols same as for
groove welds
Module 4 - 89
Plug Welds - 1 of 4
Plug weld size is shown to the left of the plug

weld symbol, and is preceded by the diameter
symbol, . Plug weld size is the diameter of
the hole at the faying surface
Module 4 - 90
Plug Welds - 2 of 4
Countersink angle is shown just outside the

weld symbol.
Module 4 - 91
Plug Welds - 3 of 4
Depth of filling is shown as a linear

dimension within the plug weld symbol when
less than complete.
Module 4 - 92
Plug Welds - 4 of 4
The pitch is shown to the right of the symbol.

The number of plug welds is shown just
outside the weld symbol, in parentheses
Module 4 - 93
Slot Welds
 The slot weld symbol is identical to the plug
weld symbol
 All conventions for slot welds are identical
to that of plug welds except that the diameter
symbol, , is not used for slot welds
 The primary difference between the two
types is the slot is an elongated hole having a
width and length rather than a diameter
Module 4 - 94
Slot Weld Symbol

Slot Welds
Note: No  symbol
is used
Module 4 - 95
Spot or Projection Welds - 1 of 4

 The spot weld symbol may straddle the
reference line when there is no side
significance, or be placed on either side if
significant.
 Spot size or strength to left of symbol
 Projection weld symbols are shown above or
below the reference line, and require the PW
designation in the tail of the symbol.
Module 4 - 96
Welding symbol showing spot weld size,

number, and welding method.
Module 4 - 97
 Spacing is shown to the right of the symbol

 Number required is shown just outside the
symbol, in parentheses
Module 4 - 98
Projection weld symbol

Module 4 - 99
Seam Welds - 1 of 2
 Symbol may be on either side, or straddling
reference line
 Dimensioning as before; size to left of
symbol, length and pitch to right
 May be specified by size or strength
 May be continuous or intermittent
 Number shown in parentheses above or
below weld symbol
Module 4 - 100
Seam Welds - 2 of 2
Seam weld welding symbol. Note info in tail
Module 4 - 101
Edge Welds - 1 of 3
 Used to specify edge welds on edge joints and
flanged butt or flanged corner joints
 Full thickness of joint members must be fused
 Size to left of symbol, length and pitch to
right
 May be continuous or intermittent
Module 4 - 102
Edge Welds - 2 of 3
Edge weld symbol application
Module 4 - 103
Edge Welds - 3 of 3
Edge weld symbol application with 3 members
Module 4 - 104
Stud Welds - 1 of 3
 Stud weld symbol always on arrow side

 Size (diameter of stud) to left of symbol,
pitch to right
 Number in parentheses just outside symbol
Module 4 - 105
Stud Welds - 2 of 3
Stud weld symbol application

Module 4 - 106
Stud Welds - 3 of 3
Stud weld symbol application, multiple arrows

Module 4 - 107
Surfacing Welds - 1 of 3
 Surfacing weld symbol always on arrow side
 Applies to single or multiple layers
 Size (thickness) to left of symbol
 Location, direction of welding in tail or a
drawing reference
Module 4 - 108
Surfacing weld symbol application
Module 4 - 109
Two Weld Layers
Surfacing weld symbol application, multiple

layers
Module 4 - 110
Brazing Symbols - 1 of 3
 Brazing symbol shows joint geometry,

clearance, type of braze process, size of
braze, pitch
 Special cleaning requirements, before or
after brazing, can be noted in tail or on
drawing
Module 4 - 111
Brazing symbol application in scarf joint
Module 4 - 112
Brazing symbol with dimensions and braze type
Module 4 - 113
NDE Symbols - 1 of 2
 All conventions used are similar, if not
identical to Welding Symbols
 Must be familiar with NDE abbreviations
for test methods
 Supplementary symbols have slightly
different meaning
 Number of tests, extent of testing must be
specified
Module 4 - 114
NDE Symbols - 2 of 2
Note items and position of placement

Module 4 - 115
NDE Abbreviations
 AET  PT
 ET  PRT
 LT  RT
 MT  UT
 NRT  VT
Module 4 - 116
NDE Supplementary Symbols
Module 4 - 117
NDE Symbol Application - 1 of 2
RT symbol, with angle of radiation incidence
Module 4 - 118
NDE Symbol Application - 2 of 2
MT symbol, both sides for 6 inch length
Module 4 - 119
A2.4-98 - Back of Book

 Table 1 - letter designations of processes
 Table 2 - alphabetical cross reference to Table 1
by process
 Table 3 - alphabetical cross reference to Table 1
by letter designation
 Annex A & AM - Design of Standard Symbols
 Annex B - Commentary on A2.4-98
 Welding Symbol Chart

Day 3 Weld Joint Geometry, Welding and NDE Symbols

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Module 4 - 1

5 Basic Joint Types

Refer to A3.0-94, Fig 1, page 41

Butt Joint - Applicable Welds

Corner Joint - Applicable Welds

T Joint - Applicable Welds

Lap Joint - Applicable Welds

A Joint between the

Edge Joint - Applicable Welds

Joint Geometry - Key Learnings

 A joint root can be linear in nature, or an

Refer to A3.0-94, Figs 8, 9, 10, 14, 15

 Arc Seam Weld

 Review position diagrams & tables for groove

Welding Beads, Sequences

 Stringer bead  Block sequence

Weld Sizes & Terms

Convex Fillet Weld

Joint & Root Penetration

Note Incomplete Joint Penetration dimension

Incomplete Joint Penetration

 Term used only in reference to groove welds

Incomplete Joint Penetration

(Or Partial Joint Penetration if intended)

Incomplete Joint Penetration Error

Melt-through, Root Surfaces

Refer to A3.0-94, Fig 27, page 77

Refer to A3.0-94, Fig 29, page 79

 Used in reference to both groove and fillet

LACK OF SIDE WALL FUSION +

LACK OF INTER RUN FUSION

Fusion Weld Terms

Refer to A3.0-94, Fig 32, 33, pages 82 - 83

 Cracks - see nomenclature in Fig 33

Welding Symbols - Introduction

 A shorthand method of conveying welding

Weld Symbol vs Welding Symbol

Groove Weld Types - 8

The above welds may be applied to one side

Other Weld Types - 11

* Stud and surfacing symbols are always

Weld Symbols - Rules

 Symbols with a perpendicular leg shall have

Elements of Welding Symbols

Arrow Side Weld Symbols

Other Side Weld Symbols

 Resistance Seam Weld

Break in Arrow Line

A break in the arrow

Combined Weld Symbols

For joints requiring

Two or more arrows

Multiple Reference Lines

Field Weld & Weld All-Around

Welding and NDE Symbols

Weld Contours & Finishing

 Arrow side - V- groove

 Other side - V- groove

 Both sides - V- groove

 Edge weld on flanged

 Edge weld on flanged

Groove Weld Dimensions - 1 of 9

 1/4 inch bevel with a