Gases

I. Physical
Properties
9 (A) describe and calculate the relations
between volume, pressure, number of moles,
and temperature for an ideal gas as described
by Boyle's law, Charles' law, Avogadro's law,
Dalton's law of partial pressure, and the ideal
gas law;
9 (B) perform stoichiometric calculations,
including determination of mass and volume
relationships between reactants and products
for reactions involving gases; and
9 (C) describe the postulates of kinetic
molecular theory.
A. Kinetic Molecular Theory
 Particles in an ideal gas…
• have no volume.
• have elastic collisions.
• are in constant, random, straight-
line motion.
• don’t attract or repel each other.
• have an avg. KE directly related
to Kelvin temperature.
B. Real Gases
 Particles in a REAL gas…
• have their own volume
• attract each other

 Gas behavior is most ideal…

• at low pressures
• at high temperatures
• in nonpolar atoms/molecules
C. Characteristics of Gases
 Gases expand to fill any container.
• random motion, no attraction
 Gases are fluids (like liquids).
• no attraction
 Gases have very low densities.
• no volume = lots of empty space
C. Characteristics of Gases
 Gases can be compressed.
• no volume = lots of empty space
 Gases undergo diffusion & effusion.
• random motion
D. Temperature
 Always use absolute temperature
(Kelvin) when working with gases.
ºF
-459 32 212
ºC
-273 0 100
K
0 273 373

C  9
5
F  32 K = ºC + 273
E. Pressure

force
pressure 
area

Which shoes create the most pressure?

E. Pressure
 Barometer
• measures atmospheric pressure

Aneroid Barometer

Mercury Barometer
E. Pressure
 Manometer
• measures contained gas pressure

U-tube Manometer Bourdon-tube gauge

E. Pressure
 KEY UNITS AT SEA LEVEL
101.325 kPa (kilopascal)
1 atm
760 mm Hg
N
760 torr kPa  2
m
14.7 psi
F. STP

STP
Standard Temperature & Pressure

0°C 273 K
-OR-
1 atm 101.325 kPa
Ch. 12 - Gases

II. The Gas

Laws
BOYLES
CHARLES
GAY-
LUSSAC
A. Boyle’s Law
Volume Pressure P·V
(mL) (torr) (mL·torr)
10.0 760.0 7.60 x 103
20.0 379.6 7.59 x 103
30.0 253.2 7.60 x 103
40.0 191.0 7.64 x 103

P
PV = k
V
A. Boyle’s Law

 The pressure and volume

of a gas are inversely
related
• at constant mass & temp

P
PV = k
V
A. Boyle’s Law
B. Charles’ Law
Volume Temperature V/T
(mL) (K) (mL/K)
40.0 273.2 0.146
44.0 298.2 0.148
47.7 323.2 0.148
51.3 348.2 0.147

V
V
k
T
T
B. Charles’ Law

 The volume and absolute

temperature (K) of a gas
are directly related
• at constant mass &
pressure

V
V
k
T
T
B. Charles’ Law
 E. Gas Law Problems
A gas occupies 473 cm3 at 36°C.
Find its volume at 94°C.

CHARLES’ LAW
GIVEN: T V WORK:
V1 = 473 cm3 P1V1T2 = P2V2T1
T1 = 36°C = 309K (473 cm3)(367 K)=V2(309 K)
V2 = ?
T2 = 94°C = 367K V2 = 562 cm3
 E. Gas Law Problems
A gas occupies 100. mL at 150.
kPa. Find its volume at 200. kPa.

BOYLE’S LAW
GIVEN: P V WORK:
V1 = 100. mL P1V1T2 = P2V2T1
P1 = 150. kPa (150.kPa)(100.mL)=(200.kPa)V2
V2 = ?
V2 = 75.0 mL
P2 = 200. kPa
 Gases

III. Ideal Gas Law

A. Avogadro’s Principle
Volume Mass V/n
Gas Moles, n
(mL) (g) (L/mol)
O2 100.0 0.122 3.81  10-3 26.2
N2 100.0 0.110 3.93  10-3 25.5
CO2 100.0 0.176 4.00  10-3 25.0

V
V k
n
n
A. Avogadro’s Principle

 Equal volumes of gases contain

equal numbers of moles
• at constant temp & pressure
• true for any gas

V
V k
n
n
B. Ideal Gas Law

V
PV
k
=R
n
nT
T
UNIVERSAL GAS
CONSTANT
R=0.0821 Latm/molK
R=8.315 dm3kPa/molK
B. Ideal Gas Law

PV=nRT
UNIVERSAL GAS
CONSTANT
R=0.0821 Latm/molK
R=8.315 dm3kPa/molK
 B. Ideal Gas Law
 Calculate the pressure in atmospheres
of 0.412 mol of He at 16°C & occupying
3.25 L. IDEAL GAS LAW
GIVEN: WORK:
P = ? atm PV = nRT
n = 0.412 mol P(3.25)=(0.412)(0.0821)(289)
T = 16°C = 289 K L mol Latm/molK K

V = 3.25 L P = 3.01 atm

R = 0.0821Latm/molK
 B. Ideal Gas Law
 Find the volume of 85 g of O2 at 25°C
and 104.5 kPa.
IDEAL GAS LAW
GIVEN: WORK:
V=? 85 g 1 mol = 2.7 mol
n = 85 g = 2.7 mol 32.00 g
T = 25°C = 298 K PV = nRT
P = 104.5 kPa (104.5)V=(2.7) (8.315) (298)
kPa mol dm3kPa/molK K
R = 8.315 dm3kPa/molK
V = 64 dm3
 B. Gas Stoichiometry Problem
 How many grams of Al2O3 are formed from
15.0 L of O2 at 97.3 kPa & 21°C?
4 Al + 3 O2  2 Al2O3
15.0 L
non-STP ?g
GIVEN: WORK: Given liters: Start with
Ideal Gas Law and
P = 97.3 kPa PV = nRT calculate moles of O2.

V = 15.0 L (97.3 kPa) (15.0 L)

n=? = n (8.315dm3kPa/molK) (294K)
NEXT 
T = 21°C = 294 K
n = 0.597 mol O2
R = 8.315 dm3kPa/molK
 B. Gas Stoichiometry Problem
 How many grams of Al2O3 are formed
from 15.0 L of O2 at 97.3 kPa & 21°C?
4 Al + 3 O2  2 Al2O3
Use stoich to convert moles 15.0L ?g
of O to grams Al O .
2 2 3
non-STP
0.597 2 mol 101.96 g
mol O2 Al2O3 Al2O3
= 40.6 g Al2O3
3 mol O2 1 mol
Al2O3
A. Dalton’s Law
 The total pressure of a mixture
of gases equals the sum of the
partial pressures of the
individual gases.

Ptotal = P1 + P2 + ...
Patm = PH2 +
PH2O
 A. Dalton’s Law
 Hydrogen gas is collected over water at
22.5°C. Find the pressure of the dry gas
if the atmospheric pressure is 94.4 kPa.
The total pressure in the collection bottle is equal to atmospheric
pressure and is a mixture of H2 and water vapor.

GIVEN:
PH2 = ?
Ptotal = 94.4 kPa
PH2O = 2.72 kPa
Look up water-vapor pressure
on p.899 for 22.5°C.
WORK:
Ptotal = PH2 + PH2O
94.4 kPa = PH2 + 2.72 kPa
PH2 = 91.7 kPa
Sig Figs: Round to least number
of decimal places.
 A. Dalton’s Law
 A gas is collected over water at a temp of 35.0°C
when the barometric pressure is 742.0 torr.
What is the partial pressure of the dry gas?
The total pressure in the collection bottle is equal to barometric
DALTON’S LAW
pressure and is a mixture of the “gas” and water vapor.

GIVEN:
Pgas = ?
Ptotal = 742.0 torr
PH2O = 42.2 torr
Look up water-vapor pressure
on p.899 for 35.0°C.
WORK:
Ptotal = Pgas + PH2O
742.0 torr = PH2 + 42.2 torr
Pgas = 699.8 torr
Sig Figs: Round to least number
of decimal places.