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S r. J e a n e t t e M . F o r m e n t e r a
OVERVIEW
COST OF CAPITAL
INTRODUCTION
Cost of capital is an integral part of investment decision as
it is used to measure the worth of investment proposal
provided by the business concern.
It is used as a discount rate in determining the
present value of future cash flows associated with capital
projects. It is also called as cut-off rate, target rate,
hurdle rate and required rate of return.
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Meaning of Cost of Capital
Cost of capital is the rate of return that a firm
must earn on its project investments to
maintain its market value and attract funds.
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IMPORTANCE OF COST OF
CAPITAL
Computation of cost of
capital is a very important
part of the financial
management to
decide the capital
structure
of the business concern.
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Cost of Long-Term Debt
What is Long-Term Debt?
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Long-Term Debt Example
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Before Borrowing P12M After Borrowing P12M
Cash P100,000 Cash P12,100,000
Accounts Receivable 50,000 Accounts Receivable 50,000
Inventory 30,000 Inventory 30,000
Total Current Assets 180,000 Total Current Assets P12,180,000
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Cost of Preference Share
(Preferred Stock)
The cost of preference share capital is apparently the
dividend which is committed and paid by the company.
This cost is not relevant for project evaluation because
this is not the cost at which further capital can be
obtained. To find out the cost of acquiring the marginal
cost, we will be finding the yield on the preference
share based on the current market value of the
preference share.
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The preference share is issued at a
stated rate of dividend on the face value of
the share.
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Cost of preference shares can be calculated
as follows:
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EXAMPLE:
A firm issued a 10% preference stock of P1000
which has a current market price of P900. Cost can be
calculated as below:
Kp = 100/900
Solving the above equation, we will get 11.11%. This
is the cost of redeemable preference share capital.
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Cost of Ordinary Shares (Common Stock)
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Example
Suppose ABC is a US-based company. If
the company sells 1000 shares having a face
value of $ 1 per share.
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Important Points
• As it is a major source of financing incorporation, Ordinary
shares must be part of the stock of all companies.
• Ordinary shareholders are generally considered unsecured
creditors. They face greater economic risk than creditors
and preferred shareholders of a company.
• Ordinary shares rank after preference shares for the
purpose of dividends and returns of capital but carry voting
rights.
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Conclusion
We can conclude that there are many possible
ways to raise capital. Out of this, the company can raise
capital by issue of shares to the public. This can be more
suitable and appropriate as compared to other
methods.
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Weighted Average Cost of Capital
Definition of WACC
A firm’s Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC)
represents its blended cost of capital across all sources,
including common shares, preferred shares, and debt.
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What is the WACC Formula?
As shown below, the WACC formula is:
WACC = (E/V x Re) + ((D/V x Rd) x (1 – T))
Where:
E = market value of the firm’s equity (market cap)
D = market value of the firm’s debt
V = total value of capital (equity plus debt)
E/V = percentage of capital that is equity
D/V = percentage of capital that is debt
Re = cost of equity (required rate of return)
Rd = cost of debt (yield to maturity on existing debt)
T = tax rate
Re = Rf + β × (Rm − Rf)
Where:
Rf = the risk-free rate (typically a 10-year Treasury bond yield)
β = equity beta (levered)
Rm = annual return of the market
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• The cost of equity is an implied cost or an
opportunity cost of capital.
It is the rate of return shareholders require, in
theory, in order to compensate them for the risk of
investing in the stock.
• Risk-free Rate
The risk-free rate is the return that can be
earned by investing in a riskless security, e.g., Treasury
bonds. Typically, the yield of the 10-year Treasury is used
for the risk-free rate.
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WACC Part 2 – Cost of Debt and Preferred Stock
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Since interest payments are tax-deductible, the cost
of debt needs to be multiplied by (1 – tax rate), which is
referred to as the value of the tax shield.
This is not done for preferred stock because
preferred dividends are paid with after-tax profits.
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What is WACC used for?
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Marginal Cost and Investment Decision
Marginal Costs
In economics, marginal cost is the change in the total cost that
arises when the quantity produced is incremented by one unit, that
is, it is the cost of producing one more unit of a good.
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Marginal Cost and Investment Decision
The concepts of a marginal cost of
capital and an investment opportunities
schedule provide the mechanisms
whereby financing and investment
decisions can be made simultaneously.
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The Marginal Cost of Capital (MCC)
As the volume of financing increases, the costs of
various types of financing will increase, raising the
firm’s weighted average cost of capital. Therefore, it is
useful to calculate the marginal cost of capital
(MCC),which is the firm’s weighted average cost of
capital associated with its next total new financing.
• This cost is relevant to decisions regarding
investment projects
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Marginal Cost Of Capital And Investment
Schedule
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The following graph demonstrate the relationship between
cost of capital and investment returns.
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In the context of a company's investment
decision, the optimal capital budget is that
amount of capital raised and invested at which the
marginal cost of capital is equal to the marginal return
from investing.
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The relation between the MCC and the Investment
Opportunity Schedule (IOS) provides a broad picture of
the basic decision-making problem of a company.
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