CHALLANGES IN WIRELESS COUNICATION

1. low power Tx, Rx

low power signal processing tools
Efficient hardware less power hungry
talk time / stand by time need to be more for mobile
2. Efficient use of finite Radio spectrum
a. cellular frequency Reuse
b. Medium Access control
c. protocols
3. Integrated services like voice ,data ,Multimedia over a single
Network
service differentiation ,priorities ,Resource sharing.
CHALLANGES 2
Network support for user mobility (mobile
scenarios)
Location identification, Handover
Maintaining quality of service over unreliable
links.
Connectivity and coverage (internet working)
Cost efficiency
Challanges 3
Non technical more challenges
1.Fading
2.Multipath effect
3. Higher probability of data corruption
hence, need for stronger channel codes
4.Need for stronger security Mechanisms
privacy ,Authentication
• AM .TX
• It would emit a signal of either long or short duration depending
on the length of the Telegraph key was closed.
• The transmitted signal was the electromagnetic noise produced
by the spark gap discharge.
• This signal propagated through the air to a receiver located at
some distance from the transmitter.
• AM Rx
• At the receiver the detected signal was interpreted by an
operator as either a dot or dash depending upon its duration.
• Using Morse code ,combinations of dots and dashes stood for
various Alphanumeric characters.
• This early wireless transmission form is known as Amplitude
modulation OR ON –OFF Keying [OOK]
if the party to be called is connected to a different switch at another
exchange with in the same calling Area.(inter office call)
Connection uses some type of T-carrier transport technology(T-1,T-3
etc) and that might be carried over copper wires.
Some form of OFC connection that Transporting Data at (oc-1 ,oc-3,oc-
12)data rates using SONET Transport Technology
IF the party to be called is in a different calling area (a long distance
call), the local switch will forward the Caller PCM packets to a long
distance carriers multiplexed facilities using the area code of the
called number to direct the Call.
The long distance carriers network will have switching centers located
in different parts of the country typically connected by long haul fiber
facilities.
Once the callers signal is delivered by the long distance carriers network
to the correct local end exchange it is Demultiplexed back to DSO
Signal .
 The process that occurs to connect to the called party is
same as before.
PSTN consists of copper pair wires

Tx Analog signal from subscriber

Digital n/W that digitizes the signal and then

process it through digital N/W Switch

At point converted back to an Analog signal

Delivered to another subscriber through another pair of copper wire

 Disadvantages of PSTN Analog N/W
The early PSTN used “INBAND “ signaling to set up and tear
down call in inter office and long-distance Telephone calls.
The facilities used to Transport the call were first used to
create an actual physical ckt for the call to be sent over.
A big disadvantage of this type of system is that a voice Trunk
an inter office facility's or possibly many trunks had to be
“seized” in order to do signaling necessary to set up the call.
If the call is NON Chargeable (the called party is unavailable
or the line is busy)
The charges for the seizure of the Trunk ckt must be paid for
the service provider that owns Local exchange
 PSTN EVOLVED IN DIGITAL NETWORK
For Economic reasons and for both efficiency and security
An entirely separate network was created for the purpose
of Routing long distance calls (calls between different
exchanges / switches)
This system of using a separate facility or channel to
perform the call routing function is known as
“OUT OF BAND ” signaling.
Signaling system #7
AT &T’S early out of band system was called
common channel inter office signaling (CCIS)
As Advances in Technology , this common channel signaling system has
been adopted by the ITU International Telecommunication union
For use with both PSTN and PLMN (Public land mobile network)
Today it is Known as CCIS #7 OR simply Signaling system SS#7

SS7 Is Packet Network that consists of STP (signal Transfer point) and
Transmission facilities Linking the signal Transfer point.

STP connect to SSP ( service switching point)at the Local Exchange and
interface with the local Exchange switches or Mobile switching
center in PLMA (PUBLIC LAND MOBILE NETWORK )
SSP converts the signaling information from exchange voice
switch in to SS7 signaling messages in the form of Data
packets that are sent over the SS7 network

All ss7 data packets travel from one Service switching point
to another SSP through Signal Transfer point (STP) that
serves the network as Routers ,directing packets to their
proper destination .
There are several different types of Redundant communication
Links (RCL) between STP to provide the SS7 N/W with
high degree of reliability.
• SS7 forms of service

Circuit related the Non circuit Related the Access of

setting up and tearing information from data bases maintained by
down of ckts the network Ex: 8xx number Translation
prepaid billing (calling plans ) HLR home
Location Register
SCP Service control points act as the interface between the
SS7 Network and various data bases maintained by the
Telephone companies.
The entire Network is connected to remote maintenance center
for monitoring and management.
This maintenance center is commonly referred to as a
Network operation center or NOC
All PSTN & PLMN (public land mobile network). Uses ss7
for signaling operations with in the Network and Between
the Network and other network.
GMSC [Gate way Mobile switching center ] uses SS7 to
signal between itself and other switches & between itself
and the fixed network.
The public Data network
Mobile : modern cellular Telephone system are currently in an
Evolutionary upgrade phase in an effort to provide mobile
subscribers with high speed connectivity to the PDN
SGSN :Serving GPRS support node which allows
2G,3G,CDMA,WCDMA, Mobile networks to Transmit IP
(internet protocol)packets to external network such as
internet.
Net flow router : it give the ability to collect IP network traffic
as it enters or exits an interface.
Net flow consists of 3 components
flow caching
Flow collector
Data Analyzer
Extranet :is a computer N/w that allows controlled access
from the outside, for specific business or educational
purposes it can be viewed as an extension of an
organization.
VPN :virtual private network data
Use the public data network ,maintaining privacy through
the use of a Tunneling protocol.
Extends a private N/w across a public N/w such as the
internet
This is done by establishing a virtual point to point
connection through the use of Dedicated connections
,Encryption or combination of the two
It is similar to a wide Area Network WAN
by analyzing the data the network Administrator
Can determine things such as the source and Destination
of Traffic ,class of service ,cause of congestion

SSG service selection gateway

Is switching solution for service providers who offer
Intranet, Extranet ,internet connection to subscribers
using broad band access technology such as DSL
,cable modems ,wireless LAN

Intranet : is a computer N/w that uses internet protocol

Technology to share information ,operation systems or
computing services within an organization.
ISP (internet service provider )
Also called Telephone companies / it provides services
such as internet access ,internet Transits ,domain
name registration and Hosting ,dial-up-access ,leased
line access, and it can be organized in various forms
such as commercial ,community owned, non-profit
Or Privately owned
BROADBAND CABLE SYSTEMS
 Broad band cable systems
The term broad band refers to the wide bandwidth
characteristics of a transmission medium.
Its ability to Transport multiple signal and traffic types
simultaneously .
The medium can be cable co-axial ,OFC, Twisted pair or
wireless
Broad band cable systems have evolved from their early
beginnings to become sophisticated and complex wide band
Nw designed to deliver analog and digital video signals
(including HDTV) data and plain old telephone service to
the subscribers.
The video content can come from local off – Air
television station ,satellite feeds of network or distant
–station program content and local access facilities.
The data service typically connects to an internet service
provider (ISP) and Telephone service connects to the
PSTN
The most important change in the intelligent design and
quality installations cable TV plant in the migration
to the 2 way Hybrid fiber – coaxial cable system.
From fig
B.W of cable system has been expanded to 870Mhz
Use of the frequency spectrum between 5 and 42 Mhz
Now allows for upstream data transmission over the
network
The evolution of the cable system in the development
and standardization of the cable modem(CM)
DOCIS :Data over cable service interface specification.
Project has led to multiple vendor interoperability of
cable modems located at the subscriber premises.
CMTS :Cable Modem Termination system
It is located at the cable service providers
Network centers or Head ends or Hub site.

Which is used to provide high speed data service ,such

as cable internet or voice over internet protocol to
Cable subscriber
These systems allows for a shared high speed data
connection over the cable network to the internet (access
to the internet is provided at the CMTS)

That passes Ethernet packets to and from the subscribers

cable modem to the subscribers PC.
The modern broad band cable N/W has become just one
more connection to the PDN
TAP :tap is about new way of thinking ,of doing, of
delivering data .
A device that monitors data on a computer Nw
 User connect to the ISP PDN. Internet service provider
through PSTN over low These ISP. The n/w mainly consist
speed dial up. Connection services of high speed ,OFC, long
using a modem that are haul transport s/m, that
communicates with a usually are interconnected at a
“MODEM POOL”at the ISP. connected limited no. of HUBS that
(OR) high speed cable through also allow for the
modem. (OR) ADSL[adaptive PDN. connection of regional ISP.
digital subscriber line]service

Network access point.(NAP)

NSP n/w are interconnected
TCP/
IP INTERNET to each other at switching
centers known as Network
Access Point.

Serves It consists of
thousands of WAN backbone actually
billions of
computer n/w consists of several n/w
users
interconnected Interconnected operated by
world
by dedicated by [WAN] wide NSP(national service
wide web
special switch area n/w back provider) sprint link,
called ROUTERS bone UUNET, technologies,
internet MIC etc.
OVERVIEW OF EXISTING NETWORK INFRASTRUCTURE
Wireless telecommunication systems and networks
perform the function of connecting to the existing
network infrastructure.
The 3 major types of Traffic Carried by the
Telecommunication network infrastructure are Voice ,
Video, Data [Collectively as Multimedia]
The PSTN was originally designed for voice transmission
to provide this function the PSTN structured in such
way as to provide a circuit switched path for the
conversation ,which occurs in real time and there for
requires a certain QOS.
The physical path would be setup during the dialing of the
call and Torn down at the completion of the call.
Supervisory , Alerting, progress tones and signals are generated by
the system to facilitate for connection and perform call
handshaking functions.
The network would take care of Authentication and Billing
functions.
Today PSTN is an almost entirely digital system except for the
analog signals that propagate over the copper wire pairs that
provide subscriber access to the network .
The Cellular telephone system gives a subscriber access to the
PSTN .
The Data network was originally developed to carry bursty data
traffic for business and Industry.
Today’s Enterprise data networks tend to have WAN or MAN
high speed backbone with a collection of LANs connected to it.
This backbone network may be dedicated or switched and
might use several different types of data transport
technologies Voice ,data, video can share these
Transport facilities.
The Enterprise private branch exchange [PBX] is also
connected to the High speed back bone as well as
PSTN.