SUBCELLULAR STRUCTURE AND

FUNCTIONS

Prepared by:
Ciedelle Honey Lou S. Dimalig
MOTIVATION
13. Discovered the cells
14. Invented the compound microscope
15. Discovered that plants are made of
cells.
16. Discovered that animals are made of
cells.
17. Invented the modern compound
microscope
18. Proposed that all cells come from other
cells.
19. Discovered the unicellular organism.
20. Name of your Biology teacher (complete
name and correct spelling).
ACTIVITY
Organelles: Structure & Function
Organelles: Structure & Function
 Cell/Plasma Membrane
Function: Controls what enters & exits the
cell.

Structure: Phospholipid bilayer

 Nucleus
Function: Controls everything in the cell

Structure: Contains DNA/chromosomes

Enclosed by a porous double membrane called
the nuclear membrane.
 Nucleolus
Function: Takes RNA and makes ribosomes

Structure: Dense region inside the nucleus

 Ribosomes
Function: Links together amino acids to make
proteins (that means enzymes too!)

Structure: Tiny organelles made of proteins &

RNA. Found on Rough ER
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Function: Transport, "intracellular highway“.

Site of protein synthesis; makes more ER
Structure: Thin folded membranes that are
connected together.
HAS ribosomes
 Vesicle
Membrane-bound containers that carry
substances throughout the cell
 Golgi
Apparatus/Body/Complex
Function: Checks, modifies & packages proteins

Structure: Closely layered stacks of membrane

enclosed discs
 Lysosome

Function: Breaks down food, waste &

damaged cell parts all within the cell

Structure: Contains enzymes; membrane bound

 Peroxisome
Function: Protects cell from toxins, especially
H2O2.

Structure: Contains enzymes; membrane bound

 Vacuole
Function: stores materials for cell

Structure: fluid filled sacs; small in animal

cells; large in plant cells
 Plastids
Function: Storage sacs in plant cells only!

Structure: 3 different types

 Plastids
1.Leucoplast – stores starch in roots & stems
2.Chromoplast – stores the orange/yellow pigment
3.Chloroplast- stores the green pigment/ site of
photosynthesis
 Chloroplast
Function: Uses sunlight to create food,
photosynthesis (only found in green plants & algae)

Structure: 3 membranes; bean shaped; contains

chlorophyll (green pigment)
 Mitochondria
Function: Supplies energy to the cell; site of
cellular respiration; ‘powerhouse’ of cell
Structure: Bean shaped; 2 membranes; has own
DNA & ribosomes
 Chloroplast & Mitochondria
Both have: more than 1 membrane
‘Powerhouse’ of their cells
Contain their own DNA
Reproduce independently of the cell
Were they once free-living prokaryotic cells?!
 Cytoplasm/Cytosol
Function: Hold organelles in place & site for
chemical reactions

Structure: Jelly – like substance between the

area of the nucleus & cell membrane
 Cytoskeleton
Function: Supports & shapes the cell

Structure: A network of protein filaments

(microtubules, microfilaments)
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Function: Transport, "intracellular highway“.
Also makes lipids; breaks down toxins such as
drugs/alcohol
Structure: Thin folded membranes
that are connected together.
No ribosomes
 Centrosome/Centrioles
Function: Helps the cell divide

Structure: Small region of cytoplasm, made up

of microtubules; pair of centrioles
Flagellum (flagella = plural)
Tail used for movement
 Cilium (cilia = plural)
Tiny hair-like projections on cell exterior used
For movement and gathering food