DENTAL

PHARMACOLOGY- 2

PRESENTED BY:
PALLAVI AMMU THOMAS
FIRST YEAR POST-GRADUATE
PUBLIC HEALTH DENTISTRY
 CONTENTS:

 BLEACHING AGENTS
 STYPTICS
 MOUTH WASHES
 ASTRINGENTS
 BLEACHING AGENTS

 These are agents used to remove stains from

teeth or to improve their whiteness
 Most of the bleaching agents act by oxidizing
the stain/yellowish coating on the enamel.,
but few reducing agents also have stain
removing action
 VARIOUS TYPES

1) OXYGEN RELEASING AGENT

2) CHLORINE RELEASING AGENT
3) REDUCING AGENT
4) SILICA
 OXYGEN RELEASING AGENT

 They release oxygen which reacts with the organic

pigment to decolorize it and loosen it from tooth surface.
 It is then washed off to expose the white enamel
 HYDROGEN PEROXIDE is the primary oxygenating
agent
 While the dilute 3% mouthwash is occasionally used as
an antiseptic/antiplaque agent
 The concentrated solution 20-30% in water (Perhydrol)
or ether(Pyrozone) may be applied carefully to the
stained teeth and wiped off for cosmetic whitening
 CARBAMIDE PEROXIDE is an equimolar complex of
urea with hydrogen peroxide which acts as a carrier and
release Hydrogen Peroxide on reacting with water
 Some tooth whiteners contain 10% Carbamide Peroxide
 2)CHLORINE RELEASING AGENT
 Bleaching powder (Chlorinated Lime) slowly releases
chlorine which acts as an oxidizing agent and decolourises
many dyes
 3) REDUCING AGENT

 Sodium Thiosulfate is a reducing agent which is

used for removing certain stains eg: Iodine Stain
 Sequential application of an oxidizing agent followed
by a reducing agent may be needed for silver stain

 4) SILICA – It is a non-abrasive absorbant which

has been included in some whitening toothpaste and
toothpowders
 Use of Laser for whitening the teeth is increasing
 STYPTICS

 They are local Hemostatics or Substances used to

control bleeding from a local and approchable site
 They are used to arrest local bleeding following tooth
extraction and other dental procedures
 Substances include :
 FIBRIN – Prepared from human plasma ,Dried as Sheets
and They are applied directly with Thrombin to the
bleeding area
 GELATIN FOAM
 OXIDIZED CELLULOSE – As Strips
 THROMBIN – From Bovine Plasma, as Dry powder or
Fresh Solution
 VASOCONSTRICTORS like 0.1% Adrenaline –Soaked in
sterile cotton gauze .1:1000 parts Adrenaline can be used
locally
 Astringents like Tannic Acid or Metallic Salts
 GELATIN SPONGE
 Helps in Packing Wounds
 Moistening with normal saline or Thrombin solution
 Completely absorbed in 2 to 4 weeks
 No foreign body reaction
 Available with 5% colloid silver (GELATAMP)
 Can be cut to the required size
 Evenly porous foam
 Promotes Thrombocyte Aggregation
HAVE YOU HEARD ABOUT STYPTIC PENCIL?

 It is a medicated stick generally made of powdered

crystal from an an alum block and a wax binder
which is pressed into a handy lipstick size and shape
 You use a styptic pencil to seal small cuts and nicks
especially those caused during wet shaving
 MOUTHWASHES

 Mouthwashes are solutions containing active

ingredients meant for cleansing and deodorising the
oral cavity
 15-30ml of the diluted solution is used for gargling
and rinsing the mouth
 Mouthwashes contain astringents , antiseptics and or
obtundents , flavouring and sweetening agents
 Prolonged use of concentrated solutions result in
staining
 TYPES OF MOUTHWASHES

 Antiseptic and Astringent Mouthwash –For soreness

under dentures .They harden the mucous membrane

 Obtundant Mouthwash – For Sensitive Oral Lesions

 Detergent Mouthwash – For Cleansing and

Deodourising action
USES :
 Soreness under dentures
 Sensitive Oral Lesions
 Post-Operative and other bedridden patients for
deodourising the oral cavity and to maintain oral hygiene
; mouthwashes are refreshing
 In Halitosis
 Stomatitis
 Surgical Impaction- After removal of impacted tooth
 Chlorhexidine and Povidine Iodine(Betadine) are some
commonly used mouthwashes
 ASTRINGENTS

 Agents which precipitate superficial proteins when

applied to the skin or mucous membrane
 They form a protective coating and harden the
surface
 Astringents check minor haemorrhages – Arrest
Capillary oozing as they promote clotting and
precipitate proteins on the bleeding surface
 Astringents are therfore used as Obtundants ,
Styptics and Mummifying agents
 TYPES OF ASTRINGENTS

 VEGETABLE ASTRINGENTS - Tannic Acid ,Gall

 METALLIC ASTRINGENTS - Salts of Zinc, Copper,

 MISCELLANEOUS - Alcohol

USES - Astringents are used as mouthwashes ,paints

,lotions and dentifrices in Aphthous ulcers ,Stomatitis,
Gingivitis and Local hemostatics
 REFERENCES

 Udayakumar P.Textbook of Pharmacology for Dental

and Allied Health Sciences.1st ed.New Delhi
India:Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers(P)
Ltd;2002:321-29
 Tripathi KD Essentials of Pharmacology for
Dentistry.2nd ed.New Delhi India : Jaypee Brothers
Medical Publishers(P) Ltd ;2011: 477-87.