Wood Member Under Axial

and Bending Loads

Introduction
- Axially loaded members occur in several
forms in a timber structure.
- Some of these include columns, wall
studs, truss members, shear wall chords,
diaphragm chords, and drag struts or
collectors.
Introduction
- Columns and wall studs are vertical
compression members that carry gravity
down to the foundation.
- Additionally, they may be subjected to
lateral wind loads if located on the exterior
face of the building.
Introduction
- In a typical wood-framed building, axially
compressed members such as columns
and wall studs occur more frequently than
members subjected to axial tension.
- Axial tension members occur most
frequently as truss members.
Introduction
- The strength of axially compressed wood
members is a function of the unbraced
length of the member and the end support
conditions, and these members fail either
by buckling due to lateral instability
caused by the slenderness of the member
or by crushing of the wood fibers as
they reach their material strength.
Introduction
- A more critical load effect that must also
be considered for axially loaded members
is the case where bending occurs
simultaneously with an axial load.
- In general, the four basic design cases for
axially loaded members and the
corresponding loading conditions
considered in this chapter are as follows:
Introduction
1. Tension (Figure 5.1a): truss members,
diaphragm chords, drag struts, shear
wall chords
Introduction
2. Tension plus bending (Figure 5.1b):
truss bottom chord members
Introduction
3. Compression (Figure 5.1c): columns,
wall studs, truss members, diaphragm
chords, drag struts, shear wall chords
Introduction
4. Compression plus bending (Figure 5.1d):
exterior columns and wall studs,
truss top chord members
Introduction
- In the analysis of member strength, the
cross-sectional dimensions of the
member, the wood species, and the stress
grade are usually known, whereas the
member strength is unknown and has to
be determined.
Introduction
- In design, the applied loads are usually
known, but the member size, wood
species, and stress grade are unknown
and have to be determined.
Pure Axial Tension: Case 1
- For this design case, axial tension parallel to
the grain is considered.
- The load case may occur in truss web
members and truss bottom chord members,
diaphragm chords, drag struts, and shear
wall chords.
Pure Axial Tension: Case 1
- The code does not permit tension stress
perpendicular to the grain because of the
negligible tensile strength of wood in that
direction.
- The basic design equation for axial tension
stress parallel to grain is
𝑇
𝑓𝑡 = ≤ 𝐹𝑡′
𝐴𝑛
Pure Axial Tension: Case 1
Where 𝑇 = applied tension force
𝐴𝑛 = net area at the critical section
𝐴𝑛 = 𝐴𝑔 − σ 𝐴ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
= 𝐴𝑔 − σ 𝑑𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡 + 3.20 𝑚𝑚
𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠, 𝑏
𝐴𝑔 = gross cross-sectional area of
the member
Pure Axial Tension: Case 1
Where σ 𝐴ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 = sum of the area of the
bolt holes perpendicular
to the load
𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠
= 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟
𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝑑𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡 + 3.20 𝑚𝑚
𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠, 𝑏
Pure Axial Tension: Case 1
Where 𝐹𝑡′ = allowable tension stress
- Using the NSCP code applicability table
presented in Tables 615.2-1 and 615.2-2,
the allowable tension stresses are
calculated as
𝐹𝑡′ = 𝐹𝑡 × 𝐶𝐷 𝐶𝑀 𝐶𝑡 𝐶𝐹 𝐶𝑖 Sawn Lumber
𝐹𝑡′ = 𝐹𝑡 × 𝐶𝐷 𝐶𝑀 𝐶𝑡 Glulam Timber
Pure Axial Tension: Case 1
Where 𝐹𝑡 = tabulated design tension stress
𝐶 = adjustment factors
- For bolted connections, the code requires
that the holes be at least 0.80 mm to
1.60 mm larger than the diameter of the
bolt used. However, for ease of installation,
it is practical to use 3.20 mm.
Design of Tension Members
The design procedure for axially loaded
tension members is given below:
1. Perform structural analysis to determine
the member force.
2. Assume a trial member size initially.
3. Analyze the trial member to determine the
tension stress applied and the tension
stress (or tension load), that is allowable.
Design of Tension Members
4. If the tension stress applied in the trial
member is less than the allowable tension
stress, the trial member size is deemed
adequate. If the tension stress applied is
much less than the allowable stress, the
member is adequate but uneconomical,
and in that case, the trial member size
should be reduced and the analysis
repeated until the tension stress applied is
Design of Tension Members
just less than the allowable tension stress.
5. If the tension stress applied is greater than
the allowable tension stress, the trial size
member size must be increased and the
analysis repeated until the stress applied is
just less than the allowable stress.
Axial Tension plus Bending: Case 2
For members subjected to combined axial
tension and bending loads, such as truss
bottom chords, five design checks need to be
investigated. It should be noted that for each
design check, the controlling load duration
factor based on the pertinent load combination
for each design check should be used. The
required design checks are as follows:
Axial Tension plus Bending: Case 2
Design Check 1: Tension on the Net Area
Tension on the net area (Figure 5.6a) occurs
at the ends of the member where the gross
area of the member may be reduced due to the
presence of bolt holes at the end connections
(at the ends of truss members).
Axial Tension plus Bending: Case 2
Design Check 1: Tension on the Net Area
The tension stress applied on the net area
𝑇
𝑓𝑡 = ≤ 𝐹𝑡′
𝐴𝑛
𝑇 = tension force applied
𝐹𝑡′ = allowable tension stress
𝐹𝑡′ = 𝐹𝑡 𝐶𝐷 𝐶𝑀 𝐶𝑡 𝐶𝐹 𝐶𝑖 for sawn lumber
𝐹𝑡′ = 𝐹𝑡 𝐶𝐷 𝐶𝑀 𝐶𝑡 for glulams
Axial Tension plus Bending: Case 2
Design Check 1: Tension on the Net Area
𝐴𝑛 = net area at the critical section
𝐴𝑛 = 𝐴𝑔 − σ 𝐴ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
𝐴𝑔 = gross cross-sectional area of
the tension member
σ 𝐴ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 = sum of the area of the
bolt holes perpendicular
to the load
Axial Tension plus Bending: Case 2
Design Check 1: Tension on the Net Area
σ 𝐴ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 = (no. of bolts perpendicular
to load)(𝑑𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡 + 3.20 𝑚𝑚)
(member thickness 𝑏)
Axial Tension plus Bending: Case 2
Design Check 2: Tension on the Gross Area
Tension on the gross area (Figure 5.6b) occurs
at the midspan of the member where there
are no bolt holes, hence the gross area is
applicable (at the midspan of truss members
and wall studs).
Axial Tension plus Bending: Case 2
Design Check 2: Tension on the Gross Area
The tension stress applied on the net area
𝑇
𝑓𝑡 = ≤ 𝐹𝑡′
𝐴𝑔
Axial Tension plus Bending: Case 2
Design Check 3: Bending
The maximum bending moment and bending
stress occur at the midspan of the member
(Figure 5.6c) and the required design equation
is
𝑀 ′
𝑓𝑏𝑡 = ≤ 𝐹𝑏
𝑆𝑥
Axial Tension plus Bending: Case 2
Design Check 3: Bending
𝑓𝑏𝑡 = bending stress in the tension fiber
𝑀 = maximum bending moment in the
member
𝑆𝑥 = section modulus about the axis of
bending
𝐹𝑏′ = allowable bending stress
′
𝐹𝑏 = 𝐹𝑏 𝐶𝐷 𝐶𝑀 𝐶𝑡 𝐶𝐿 𝐶𝐹 𝐶𝑖 𝐶𝑟 𝐶𝑓𝑢 sawn lumber
𝐹𝑏′ = 𝐹𝑏 𝐶𝐷 𝐶𝑀 𝐶𝑡 𝐶𝐿 𝐶𝑣 𝐶𝑓𝑢 𝐶𝑐 glulams
Axial Tension plus Bending: Case 2
Design Check 4: Bending plus Tension
Bending plus tension (Figure 5.6d ) occurs in
the bottom or tension fibers at the midspan of
the member where the moment and tension
force are at their maximum values, creating the
maximum tension stress in the tension or
bottom fiber of the member. The interaction
equation is given as
𝑓𝑡 𝑓𝑏𝑡
′+ ∗
𝐹𝑡 𝐹𝑏
Axial Tension plus Bending: Case 2
Design Check 4: Bending plus Tension
𝑓𝑡 = tension stress applied due to the
axial tension force
𝑓𝑏𝑡 = tension stress applied due to
bending of the member
𝐹𝑡′ = allowable tension stress
𝐹𝑏∗ = allowable bending stress
∗
𝐹𝑏 = 𝐹𝑏 𝐶𝐷 𝐶𝑀 𝐶𝑡 𝐶𝐹 𝐶𝑖 𝐶𝑟 𝐶𝑓𝑢 sawn lumber
𝐹𝑏∗ = 𝐹𝑏 𝐶𝐷 𝐶𝑀 𝐶𝑡 𝐶𝑣 𝐶𝑓𝑢 𝐶𝑐 glulams
Axial Tension plus Bending: Case 2
Design Check 5: Bending minus Tension
Bending plus tension (Figure 5.6e) occurs in the
top or compression fibers of the member
subjected to combined axial tension plus
bending, with the compression stresses caused
by the bending of the member. The compression
stress 𝑓𝑏𝑐 caused by the bending moment
applied is opposed or counteracted by the
tension stress resulting from the axial tension
force 𝑃 on the member.
Axial Tension plus Bending: Case 2
Design Check 5: Bending minus Tension
Axial Tension plus Bending: Case 2
Design Check 5: Bending minus Tension
The interaction equation for this design check is
given as
𝑓𝑏𝑐 − 𝑓𝑡
∗ ≤ 1.0
𝐹𝑏
𝑀
𝑓𝑏𝑐 =
𝑆𝑥
𝑓𝑏𝑐 = 𝑓𝑏𝑡 (Design Check 3)
Axial Tension plus Bending: Case 2
Design Check 5: Bending minus Tension
The allowable bending stress for sawn lumber
is given as:
𝐹𝑏∗∗ = 𝐹𝑏 𝐶𝐷 𝐶𝑀 𝐶𝑡 𝐶𝐹 𝐶𝑖 𝐶𝑟 𝐶𝐿 𝐶𝑓𝑢
The allowable bending stress for glulam for this
case is:
𝐹𝑏∗∗ = 𝐹𝑏 𝐶𝐷 𝐶𝑀 𝐶𝑡 𝐶𝐿 𝐶𝑓𝑢 𝐶𝑐
Pure Axial Compression: Case 3
There are two categories of columns:
- Solid columns (interior building columns,
struts, studs and truss
members)
- Built-up columns
Ϯ Built-up columns are made up of individual
laminations joined mechanically with no
spaces between laminations.
Pure Axial Compression: Case 3
Ϯ The mechanical connection between the
laminations is made with through-bolts or
nails.
- The strength of a column is affected by
buckling if the column length becomes
excessive.
Pure Axial Compression: Case 3
- There are two types of columns with respect
to the column length:
Ϯ short columns
A short column is one in which the axial
strength depends only on the crushing or
material capacity of the wood.
Pure Axial Compression: Case 3
Ϯ long columns
ϰ A long column is one in which buckling
occurs before the column reaches the
crushing or material capacity 𝐹𝑐′ 𝐴 of the
wood member.
Pure Axial Compression: Case 3
ϰ The strength of a long column is a function
𝐾𝑒 𝑙Τ
of the slenderness ratio 𝑟 of the
column, which is defined as the ratio
of the effective length 𝐾𝑒 𝑙 of the column to
the least radius of gyration 𝑟 of the
member.
Pure Axial Compression: Case 3
The radius of gyration is given as:
𝐼
𝑟=
𝐴
𝐼 = moment of inertia of the column
member about the axis of buckling
𝐴 = cross-sectional area of the column
Pure Axial Compression: Case 3
The required allowable stress design
(ASD) equation for this load case is
𝑃
𝑓𝑐 = ≤ 𝐹𝑐′
𝐴𝑔
𝑓𝑐 = axial compression stress
𝑃 = axial compression force in the
wood column
𝐴𝑔 = gross cross-sectional area of the
tension member
Pure Axial Compression: Case 3
The required allowable stress design
(ASD) equation for this load case is
𝑃
𝑓𝑐 = ≤ 𝐹𝑐′
𝐴𝑔
𝐹𝑐′ = allowable compression stress
𝐹𝑐′ = 𝐹𝑐 𝐶𝐷 𝐶𝑀 𝐶𝑡 𝐶𝐹 𝐶𝑖 𝐶𝑃 sawn lumber
𝐹𝑐′ = 𝐹𝑐 𝐶𝐷 𝐶𝑀 𝐶𝑡 𝐶𝑃 glulam
Pure Axial Compression: Case 3
- The column stability factor 𝐶𝑃 depends on the
unbraced length of the column. The higher the
𝐾𝑒 𝑙Τ
column slenderness ratio ( 𝑟), the smaller
the column stability factor 𝐶𝑝 .
- For columns that are laterally braced over
their entire length, the column stability factor
𝐶𝑃 is 1.0.
Pure Axial Compression: Case 3
- For all other cases, calculate 𝐶𝑃 using
2
𝐹𝑐𝐸 𝐹𝑐𝐸 𝐹𝑐𝐸
1+ ∗ 1+ ∗
𝐹𝑐 𝐹𝑐 𝐹𝑐∗
𝐶𝑃 = − −
2𝑐 2𝑐 𝑐
𝐹𝑐𝐸 = Euler critical buckling stress
′
0.822𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝐹𝑐𝐸 = 𝑙𝑒 2
𝑑
′
𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝐶𝑀 𝐶𝑡 𝐶𝑖
Pure Axial Compression: Case 3
𝑙𝑒 = effective length of column 𝐾𝑒 𝑙
𝑙 = unbraced column length (about
the axis of buckling)
𝑙𝑥 = unbraced length for buckling
about the 𝑥 − 𝑥 axis
Pure Axial Compression: Case 3
𝑙𝑦1 or 𝑙𝑦2 = unbraced length for buckling
about the 𝑦 − 𝑦 axis (the larger
of 𝑙𝑦1 or 𝑙𝑦2 is used in the
buckling calculations because
the larger the unbraced length,
the lower the allowable
compressive stress)
Pure Axial Compression: Case 3
𝐾𝑒 = buckling length coefficient (Table 5.1)
(most columns in wood buildings,
pinned conditions are usually assumed
at both ends of the column, and
consequently, the effective length
factor 𝐾𝑒 is 1.0)
Pure Axial Compression: Case 3
Pure Axial Compression: Case 3
𝑑 = dimension of the column section
perpendicular to the axis of buckling.
For 𝑥 − 𝑥 axis buckling, use 𝑑 = 𝑑𝑥 ; for
𝑦 − 𝑦 axis buckling, use 𝑑 = 𝑑𝑦 ;
Pure Axial Compression: Case 3
𝐹𝑐∗ = crushing strength of column at zero
slenderness ratio (strength when
𝑙𝑒
ൗ𝑑 = 0)
= 𝐹𝑐 (All 𝐶 − Factors except 𝐶𝑝 )
𝑐 = interaction factor = 0.8 (sawn lumber)
= 0.9 (glulam)
= 0.85 (round timber
poles and
piles)
Pure Axial Compression: Case 3
Built-up Columns
- Built-up columns (Figure 5.11) are commonly
used at the end of shear walls as tension or
compression chord members. They can also
be used in lieu of a solid post within a stud
wall to support heavy concentrated loads.
Pure Axial Compression: Case 3
Built-up Columns
- The code lists the minimum basic provisions
that apply to built-up columns:
Ϯ Each lamination is to be rectangular in
cross section.
Ϯ Each lamination is to be at least 38 mm
thick.
Ϯ All laminations are to have the same depth.
Pure Axial Compression: Case 3
Built-up Columns
- The code lists the minimum basic provisions
that apply to built-up columns:
Ϯ Faces of the adjacent laminations are to be
in contact.
Ϯ All laminations are full column length.
Ϯ The nailed or bolted connection
requirements of the code are to be met.
Pure Axial Compression: Case 3
Built-up Columns
The allowable compressive stress in a built-up
column is calculated as
𝐹𝑐′ = 𝐹𝑐 𝐶𝐷 𝐶𝑀 𝐶𝑡 𝐶𝐹 𝐶𝑖 𝐶𝑃
𝐹𝑐𝐸 𝐹𝑐𝐸
2 𝐹𝑐𝐸
1+ ∗ 1+ ∗
𝐹𝑐 𝐹𝑐 𝐹∗𝑐
𝐶𝑃 = 𝐾𝑓 − −
2𝑐 2𝑐 𝑐

𝐹𝑐∗ = 𝐹𝑐 𝐶𝐷 𝐶𝑀 𝐶𝑡 𝐶𝐹 𝐶𝑖
Pure Axial Compression: Case 3
Built-up Columns
Pure Axial Compression: Case 3
The allowable compressive stress in a built-up
column is calculated as
𝑑𝑥 = column dimension parallel to the face
of the laminations in contact with each
other
𝑑𝑦 = column dimension perpendicular to
the face of the laminations
𝑙𝑥 = effective column length for buckling
about the 𝑥 − 𝑥 axis = 𝐾𝑙𝑥
Pure Axial Compression: Case 3
The allowable compressive stress in a built-up
column is calculated as
𝑙𝑦 = effective column length for buckling
about the 𝑦 − 𝑦 axis = 𝐾𝑙𝑦
𝐾𝑓 = 0.6 (for nailed columns when
𝐿𝑒𝑦
calculating 𝐹𝑐𝐸 using ൗ𝑑𝑦)
Pure Axial Compression: Case 3
The allowable compressive stress in a built-up
column is calculated as
𝐾𝑓 = 0.75 (for bolted columns when
𝐿𝑒𝑦
calculating 𝐹𝑐𝐸 using ൗ𝑑𝑦)
𝐾𝑓 = 1.00 (for nailed or bolted columns
when calculating 𝐹𝑐𝐸 using
𝐿𝑒𝑥
ൗ𝑑𝑥)
Axial Compression Plus Bending: Case 4
The four design checks required are as follows:
Design Check 1: Compression on the Net Area
Compression on the net area (Figure 5.14a)
occurs at the ends of the member (at the
connections) and the column stability factor 𝐶𝑝
is 1.0 for this case since there can be no
buckling at the ends of the member.
Axial Compression Plus Bending: Case 4
The design equation required is,
𝑃
𝑓𝑐 = ≤ 𝐹𝑐′
𝐴𝑛
𝑓𝑐 = axial compression stress applied
𝑃 = tension force applied
𝐴𝑛 = net area at the critical section
𝐴𝑛 = 𝐴𝑔 − σ 𝐴ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
𝐴𝑔 = gross cross-sectional area of
the tension member
Axial Compression Plus Bending: Case 4
σ 𝐴ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 = sum of the area of the bolt
holes perpendicular to the load
σ 𝐴ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 = (no. of bolts perpendicular
to load)(𝑑𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡 + 3.20 𝑚𝑚)
(member thickness 𝑏)
𝐹𝑐′ = allowable compression stress
parallel to the grain
𝐹𝑐′ = 𝐹𝑐 𝐶𝐷 𝐶𝑀 𝐶𝑡 𝐶𝐹 𝐶𝑖 𝐶𝑃 sawn lumber
𝐹𝑐′ = 𝐹𝑐 𝐶𝐷 𝐶𝑀 𝐶𝑡 𝐶𝑃 glulam
Axial Compression Plus Bending: Case 4
In calculating the column stability factor 𝐶𝑃 , the
larger slenderness ratio is used since this
represents the most critical condition with
respect to buckling.
Axial Compression Plus Bending: Case 4
Axial Compression Plus Bending: Case 4
Design Check 2: Compression on the Gross
Area
Compression on the gross area (Figure
5.14b) occurs at the midspan of the member
(where no connections exist) and the gross
cross-sectional area of the member is
applicable.
Axial Compression Plus Bending: Case 4
Design Check 2: Compression on the Gross
Area
For this location, however, column stability is
a factor, and thus the column stability factor
𝐶𝑃 may be less than 1.0 and has to be
calculated. The required design equation is,
𝑃
𝑓𝑐 = ≤ 𝐹𝑐′
𝐴𝑛
Axial Compression Plus Bending: Case 4
Axial Compression Plus Bending: Case 4
Design Check 3: Bending Only
Bending only (Figure 5.14c) occurs at the point
of maximum moment (at the midspan
of the member) and the required design
equation is
𝑀
𝑓𝑏𝑐 = ≤ 𝐹𝑏′
𝑆𝑥
Axial Compression Plus Bending: Case 4
Design Check 3: Bending Only
𝑓𝑏𝑐 = bending stress in the compression
fiber
𝑀 = maximum bending moment in the
member (midspan)
𝑆𝑥 = section modulus about the axis of
bending
Axial Compression Plus Bending: Case 4
Design Check 3: Bending Only
𝐹𝑏′ = allowable bending stress
′
𝐹𝑏 = 𝐹𝑏 𝐶𝐷 𝐶𝑀 𝐶𝑡 𝐶𝐿 𝐶𝐹 𝐶𝑖 𝐶𝑟 𝐶𝑓𝑢 sawn lumber
𝐹𝑏′ = 𝐹𝑏 𝐶𝐷 𝐶𝑀 𝐶𝑡 𝐶𝐿 𝐶𝑣 𝐶𝑓𝑢 𝐶𝑐 glulams
For dimension-sawn lumber built-up columns
with three or more laminations embedded
within a sheathed wall and subjected to
bending about its strong axis, the repetitive
member factor 𝐶𝑟 is 1.15.
Axial Compression Plus Bending: Case 4
Design Check 3: Bending Only
Axial Compression Plus Bending: Case 4
Design Check 4: Bending plus Compression
Bending plus compression (Figure 5.14d )
occurs at the point of maximum moment (at
the midspan) where the moment magnification
(or 𝑃 − 𝛿) factor is at its maximum value.
Axial Compression Plus Bending: Case 4
Design Check 4: Bending plus Compression
The general design interaction equation for
combined concentric axial compression load
plus biaxial bending is given as,
𝑓𝑏𝑥 𝑓𝑏𝑦

𝑓𝑐 2 𝐹′𝑏𝑥 𝐹′𝑏𝑦
+ + 2 ≤ 1.0
𝐹𝑐′ 1−
𝑓𝑐 𝑓𝑐 𝑓𝑏𝑥
𝐹𝑐𝐸𝑥 1− −
𝐹𝑐𝐸𝑦 𝐹𝑏𝐸𝑥
Axial Compression Plus Bending: Case 4
Design Check 4: Bending plus Compression
𝑓𝑐 = axial compression stress
𝐹𝑐′ = allowable compression stress parallel to
the grain
𝑓𝑏𝑥 = bending stress due to x-x axis bending
′
𝐹𝑏𝑥 = allowable bending stress for bending
about the x-x axis
𝐹𝑐𝐸𝑥 = Euler critical stress for buckling about
the x-x axis
Axial Compression Plus Bending: Case 4
Design Check 4: Bending plus Compression
𝐹𝑏𝐸𝑥 = Euler critical stress for buckling about
the x-x axis
𝑓𝑏𝑦 = bending stress due to y-y axis bending
′
𝐹𝑏𝑦 = allowable bending stress for bending
about the y-y axis
𝐹𝑐𝐸𝑦 = Euler critical stress for buckling about
the y-y axis
Axial Compression Plus Bending: Case 4
Design Check 4: Bending plus Compression
′
0.822𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑓𝑐 < 𝐹𝑐𝐸𝑥 = 𝑙𝑒𝑥 2
(Euler critical column
𝑑𝑥

buckling stress about

the x-x axis)
′
0.822𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑓𝑐 < 𝐹𝑐𝐸𝑦 = 𝑙𝑒𝑦 2 (Euler critical column
𝑑𝑦

buckling stress about

the y-y axis)
Axial Compression Plus Bending: Case 4
Design Check 4: Bending plus Compression
′
1.20𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑓𝑏𝑦 < 𝐹𝑏𝐸 = 2 (Euler critical lateral
𝑅𝐵
- torsional buckling
stress for y-y axis
bending)
𝑙𝑒 𝑑 𝑥
𝑅𝐵 = ≤ 50
𝑏2
Axial Compression Plus Bending: Case 4
Design Check 4: Bending plus Compression
𝑙𝑒 = effective length for bending members
from Table 616.3-1
Axial Compression Plus Bending: Case 4
Design Check 4: Bending plus Compression
𝑑𝑥 = column dimension perpendicular to
the x-x axis (Figure 5.15)
Axial Compression Plus Bending: Case 4
Design Check 4: Bending plus Compression
𝑏 = column dimension perpendicular to
the y-y axis (Figure 5.15)
For combined concentric axial load plus
uniaxial bending about the strong (x–x) axis of
the member, the interaction equation above
𝑓𝑏𝑥
𝑓𝑐 2 𝐹′𝑏𝑥
reduces to ′ + 𝑓 ≤ 1.0
𝐹𝑐 1− 𝑐
𝐹𝑐𝐸𝑥
Axial Compression Plus Bending: Case 4
Design Check 4: Bending plus Compression
Using the adjustment factors applicability, the
allowable bending stress for each axis of
bending is obtained from the equations
𝐹𝑏′ = 𝐹𝑏 𝐶𝐷 𝐶𝑀 𝐶𝑡 𝐶𝐿 𝐶𝐹 𝐶𝑖 𝐶𝑟 𝐶𝑓𝑢 sawn lumber
𝐹𝑏′ = 𝐹𝑏 𝐶𝐷 𝐶𝑀 𝐶𝑡 𝐶𝐿 𝐶𝑣 𝐶𝑓𝑢 𝐶𝑐 glulams
Axial Compression Plus Bending: Case 4
Design Check 4: Bending plus Compression
In the calculation of the column stability factor
𝐶𝑃 and the allowable compression stress
parallel to grain 𝐹𝑐′ the larger of the
slenderness ratios about both orthogonal axes
𝑙𝑒𝑥 𝑙𝑒𝑦
( ൗ𝑑𝑥or ൗ𝑑𝑦) should be used since the
column will buckle about the axes with the
larger slenderness ratio.
Axial Compression Plus Bending: Case 4
Design Check 4: Bending plus Compression
𝐾𝑒 𝑙Τ
The higher the column slenderness ratio 𝑟,
the smaller the column stability factor 𝐶𝑃 .
For columns that are laterally braced over their
entire length, the column stability factor 𝐶𝑃 is
1.0. For all other cases, calculate 𝐶𝑃 using
equation 5.21.
Axial Compression Plus Bending: Case 4
Design Check 4: Bending plus Compression
𝐹𝑐𝐸 𝐹𝑐𝐸 2 𝐹𝑐𝐸
1+ ൗ𝐹∗ 1+ ൗ𝐹∗ ൗ𝐹∗
𝑐 𝑐 𝑐
𝐶𝑃 = − −
2𝑐 2𝑐 𝑐
′
0.822𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝐹𝑐𝐸 = 𝑙𝑒 2 (Euler critical column
𝑑
buckling stress)
′
𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝐶𝑀 𝐶𝑡 𝐶𝑖