GSM-to-UMTS Training Series 04 - WCDMA Site Survey - V1.0

Internal
WCDMA Site Survey
GSM-to-UMTS Training Series_V1.0 www.huawei.com
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential

Change History
Date Revision Description Author
Version
2008-10-31 1.0 Draft completed. Zang Liang
2008-12-31 1.1 Descriptions in page 13 updated Liu

Descriptions in page 35 updated Nanchuan
2009-01-14 1.2 Required information about the Dong

coverage area in page 13 added Qihuan
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 2

Site survey provides a detailed construction
scheme for the implementation of the
WCDMA network deployment. Technically,
site survey serves as the guidelines for
stock and delivery, site construction,
equipment installation, and site
commissioning.
The result of site survey may determine the

implementation difficulty or even the quality
of the entire project.

 After this course, you are able to:
 Be familiar with the procedure of site survey

 Know the principles of site selection
 Understand the antenna system design
 Remember the output documents of site
survey

Chapter 1 Roles in Site Survey
Chapter 2 Site Survey Procedure
Chapter 3 Site Survey Report
Chapter 4 Responsibility Interface

Roles in Site Survey
Roles
− Radio network planning manager: General organizer of the
network planning, responsible for the overall network planning.
− Network planning personnel: Responsible for the noise test and
site survey according to instructions of the manager. Complete the
Site Survey Report and Noise Test Report.
− Engineering survey personnel: Perform the site survey with the
cooperation of the network planning personnel.


Site Survey Procedure
Ideal sites list

Output search
Rings
No
GSM+UMTS co-site?
Obtain
candidate
sites
Yes
Perform site
survey
No
Site requirements
satisfied?
Yes
Complete the
site survey
report
End

Coordination Meeting for Site Survey
 Before the site survey starts, all the personnel involved in site survey
should have a coordination meeting. The main topics of the meeting are
as follows:
 Learn about the local electromagnetic environment. Perform the noise
test if necessary.
 Specify the site survey personnel and cooperators
 Arrange for vehicles and related devices
 Map out the site survey plan and survey routes. If the survey area is large,
divide the site survey personnel into several groups to perform the site
survey at the same time.
 Set down the initial solution to the transmission and power supply.
 From the telecom operator, obtain the existing frequency band, azimuth,
and downtilt of the antenna system at the GSM+UMTS site.
 After the effective communication with the telecom operator,
acknowledge that the important zones are in coverage of the site. Before
the site survey, all the site survey personnel should identify the important
zones.

Preparations for Site Survey
 Learn about the project profile. Collect the

documents related to the project, which can be:
 Engineering documents
 Background documents
 Existing network situations
 Local map marked with ideal sites
 Configuration list in the contract
 Latest site survey form for site survey

 Contact the marketing personnel or engineering
personnel. Record the phone number of the local
Huawei office and the telecom operator. Record the
way to the site.
 Arrange for the tools. Ensure that the tools are
functional before the site survey starts. The required
tools are:
 Digital camera
 GPS
 Compass
 Tape/laser rangefinder
 Laptop
 Telescope

Tool Purpose Remarks
Digital camera Records the ambient environment, Charge the battery before use. You
roof information, and co-site are advised to carry the battery
situations. charger of the camera.
GPS Locates the longitude and latitude of The GPS should be in an open space
the site. without obstacles and can be used
only when three or more satellites are
found. Set the projection mode to
WGS84. Set the longitude and latitude
format to XX.XXXX.
Compass Measures the antenna azimuth. Keep the compass away from iron
materials, such as the antenna
support or pole, to ensure
measurement precision.
Laptop Records and stores data.
Tape Measures the length.
Telescope Observes the ambient environment.
Laser rangefinder Measures the height of a building.

(optional)

Precautions of Site Selection
 The network planners have a basic knowledge about the coverage area, and
locate the ideal sites.
 The survey personnel select the site and perform the site survey according to the
initial network planning. In the case that all the sites cannot meet the requirements,
the network planners are required to locate the search ring for candidate sites.
 For the complicated coverage area, the network planners should perform the
practical propagation model test to verify whether the candidate site meets the
coverage requirements.
 After the ideal sites are located, discuss with the landlord or land owner to ensure
that the land for ideal sites is available for purchase or rent.
 If all the candidate sites cannot meet the requirements, reselect sites or modify the
coverage requirements. Be sure to map out a site selection plan meeting the
actual coverage requirements.

Principles of Site Selection
 The principles of site selection are as follows:
a. Always try to plan the site at the ideal position of

Ideal site position
the regular mesh. Plan the candidate site within one
fourth of the radius of the search ring.

b. Always try to use the existing equipment without affecting the site deployment.
This is to minimize the construction cost and period.
c. Generally, do not plan the site at the peak (100 m altitude difference or higher
than the downtown) located in the suburb or edge of the downtown. This is to
facilitate the coverage area control, site construction, and subsequent maintenance.
d. The new site should be located in an area where the traffic is convenient, the
mains supply is available, the environment conditions are reliable, and less plow
land is occupied.
e. The new site should be far from high-power radio transmitters, radar stations, or
other interference sources.
f. The new site should be far from forests to avoid fast fading.
g. Take into consideration the signal reflection and delay, especially in mountain
areas, areas with steep cliffs or dense lakes, highlands, or high metal buildings.

h. In the case of site selection in the downtown with dense buildings, you can
divide the network hierarchy by skillfully using the height of different buildings.
i. At the initial stage of network deployment, the number of sites is small. In this
case, you should plan the sites to ensure a good coverage for importance areas.
j. Do not plan the edge of the cell in the densely populated areas. Good coverage
means one and only one main signal coverage.
k. The First Fresnel zone of the antenna should be in an open space without
obstacles.
l. Consider the long-term plan.
m. If the site selection is on the basis of capacity expansion, pay attention to the
cooperation between the new site and the existing network.

Typical Problems in Site Selection
 Improper site layout has a

considerable impact on network
performance, especially on the
WCDMA network:
1. Poor coverage areas and blind

areas: This problem is caused by
excessive distance between sites,
block with obstacles, or weak indoor
coverage.

2. Excessive overlapping coverage:
If the distance between sites is too small, or
if the forward power allocation is improper,
the overlapping coverage is excessive, or
the soft handover occurs frequently. The
strong pilot signals may cause pilot
pollution and a deteriorated BLER. Thus,
call drops may occur.

3. Cross coverage: If the site is located at
the peak or a skyscraper in the downtown or
suburb, cross coverage may occur. When
you determine the site location and direction
of the main lobe of the antenna, cross
coverage may also occur if the main lobe
direction is consistent with the route of
terrestrial objects having the waveguide
effect, such as streets and rivers.

Detailed Site Survey
 Taking photos of the site profile
 One to two photos of site entrance, entire building, or iron tower

structure.
 Collecting the latitude and longitude information of the site
 Before using the GPS at the top of the building, set the GPS
coordinates format to WGS-84, and set the latitude and longitude
format to XX.XXXX˚. The settings are subject to the requirements of the
telecom operator.
 Based on the measured data by the GPS, fill in the XXX Project XXX
Site Survey Form.

 Recording the radio propagation environment of the site
 Within 500 m around the site, record the height of buildings or natural
obstacles higher than the antenna (or with roughly the equal height) and their
distance to the site on each direction of the site. Start from the North.
 On the antenna platform, take photos of the surrounding radio propagation

environment. By using the compass, take photos on the 12 directions
clockwise, starting from 0˚ (the North) with the step size of 30˚. On the roof
sketch, the shooting position and direction should be marked for each photo.
 If the antenna systems of other telecom operators exist near the site, record them.
 Other information
On site, fill in the XXX Project XXX Site Survey Form.

 Taking photos and sketching
the site geographical location
 When taking photos, record the angle

information of photos for future archiving.

 Taking photos and sketching the site geographical location
 Save the photos in the format that has a minimized size under the condition
that they can be displayed clearly.

 Roof information
 Sites to be deployed: On the roof

sketch, mark the installation position
of the antenna and the direction of
the cable rack.
 Sites already deployed: Many

factors affect the installation
position of the antenna. The space
information of the antenna platform
and the antenna parameters of the
other system in the GU site affect
the antenna installation position to a
great extent.

Antenna System Survey and Design
Antenna system
The antenna system is an important
subsystem of the base station system. Jumper
Generally, it refers to the channel
Grounding clip
between the antenna and the cabinet
Feeder fixing clip
top, which involves the antenna, feeder,
jumper, TMA, surge protector, Feeder
grounding clip, feeder clip, and feeder
window.
Grounding clip
Indoor jumper
Tower NodeB

Antenna System Survey and Design
The Tower Mounted Amplifier (TMA) is installed on the tower. It is close to the
antenna. Generally, the TMA is connected to the antenna through a 1/2 inch
jumper with the length 2–3 m. The received signals of the antenna enter the
TMA for amplification. With the TMA, the system sensitivity is effectively
improved and the uplink coverage is enlarged. Meanwhile, the TX power of the
mobile can be lowered. Thus, the system interference is reduced and the QoS
of speech services is improved.
TMA
TX filter
Bypass Antenna
Bias Tee
RX RX
filter LNA filter

Antenna System Survey and Design—Antenna
Category
 In terms of radiation direction:
 Directional antenna and omni-directional antenna

 In terms of appearance:
 Board antenna, cap antenna, whip antenna, and plane

antenna
 In terms of polarization mode:
 Single polarization antenna and dual polarization antenna

Selection
 Antenna selection in the downtown
 Usually select the directional antenna with the horizontal half power
angel 60˚–65˚.
 Generally select the antenna with the medium power gain around 15 dBi.
 Preferably select the antenna with the electrical downtilt 2˚–6˚.
 Preferably select the dual polarization antenna.
 Antenna selection in the suburbs

 Select the directional antenna with the horizontal half power angel 65˚ or
90˚, according to actual requirements.
 Generally select the antenna with the medium or high power gain 15–18
dBi.
 Determine whether to use the preset downtilt according to actual
requirements.
 The dual polarization antenna or vertical polarization antenna is
applicable.

Antenna System Survey and Design—Antenna Selection
 Antenna selection in the countryside
 Select the 90˚ or 120˚ directional antenna or omni-directional
antenna, according to actual requirements.
 Select the directional antenna with the high power gain 16–18 dBi.
 Generally do not select the antenna with the preset downtilt. The
antenna with null filling is preferred for the site at a high position.
 Preferably select the vertical polarization antenna.
 Antenna selection along the highway

 Generally select the directional antenna with narrow beam and high
power gain. Also, you can select 8-shaped antenna or omni-
directional antenna according to actual requirements.
 Generally do not select the antenna with the preset downtilt, because of
the coverage requirements of the highway.
 Preferably select the vertical polarization antenna.
 The signal strength ratio of front main lobe to back main lobe of the
directional antenna should not be excessive.

Selection
 Antenna selection in the tunnel

 Tunnel shorter than 2 km
— Preferably select the 10–12 dBi Yagi antenna /log periodic

antenna/plane antenna at the inner side of the tunnel entrance for
coverage of the road tunnel shorter than 2 km.
 Tunnel longer than 2 km
— Preferably select the distributed repeater system of leaky feeders,

coaxial cables, or fibers.

Selection
 Indoor antenna selection
 Omni-directional antenna
— Vertical polarization antenna with power gain 2 dBi. Cap or

teacup in appearance and small size. Easy installation and
elegant appearance.
 Directional antenna
— Vertical polarization. Horizontal half power angel 90˚ and

power gain 7 dBi.

Installation
The antenna installation environment involves the environment around

the antenna and the environment around the site. In the environment
around the antenna, you need to consider the antenna isolation,
influence of the tower and building on the antenna. In the environment
around the site, you need to consider the influence of high buildings
within 500 m away to the site on the radio propagation.
Antenna
Reserved space
around the antenna
Antenna
Requirements of antenna
installation against the wall
Antenna direction

Installation
Minimize the shadow area caused by the antenna in its coverage area.
Avoid the obstacles during the antenna installation. For example, install
the antenna at the edge on the top of the building, to prevent the building
top from obstructing the radio signals.
Distance (m) from the Height (m) from the bottom

antenna to the edge of the of the antenna to the
building building top

Installation
The interference between the GSM site and the NodeB can be analyzed in
the following respects:
 Blocking effects on the NodeB by the GSM site
 Spurious effects on the NodeB RX band by the GSM site
 Blocking effects on the GSM site by the NodeB
 Spurious effects on the GSM RX band by the NodeB
In the case of GSM+UMTS co-site, the antenna isolation should be greater
than 30 dB in general, to meet the isolation requirements on blocking and
spurious effects.

Antenna System Survey and Design—Antenna Installation
Interval
 In the case of space diversity, the interval between two RX antennas should be 12–18
λ. 1 λ = 0.15 m (2 GHz).
 A high antenna indicates that the large horizontal interval between two diversity
antennas. Generally, the horizontal interval between two diversity antennas is 0.11
times as long as the valid height of the antenna (from the ground to the middle point of
the antenna).
 To achieve the same diversity effect, the interval between two vertical diversity
antennas must be five to six times as long as the interval between two horizontal
diversity antennas.
 The horizontal interval between two diversity antennas should always be greater than
3 m, irrespective of the antenna valid height, to reduce the interaction between the
two antennas.
Interval between the

directional diversity
antennas
Space diversity interval (2-3 m for WCDMA)

Interval in actual installation


Output Documents
WCDMA Site Survey Report
Mainly involves network construction background, initial
planning scheme, site engineering parameters list, and site
layout.
WCDMA Site Survey Form
Involves antenna installation position, engineering
parameters of each sector, and ambient environment of the
antenna.
Site Survey Memo
WCDMA Engineering Parameters List


Responsibility Interface (Indoor Part)
In site survey, the responsibilities of network planners and engineering
personnel are different, which are specified as follows:
Responsibility Owner
Network planners Engineering personnel
Environmental survey in the equipment room. The
survey items include wall, ceiling, floor fitments and
bearing capacity, space, cleanness, temperature,
humidity, and security.
Auxiliary equipment survey: power supply,
transmission, and grounding status.
Equipment installation survey in the equipment room.
The survey items include installation positions of
Indoor NodeB cabinet, power cabinet, transmission box,
batteries, air conditioner, infrared device, indoor
part
feeders, jumpers, feeder window, and feeder cabling
rack. Prepare the survey report (indoor part) and the
indoor engineering design drawing, which are used for
delivery reference (excluding delivery without the
survey report).
Indoor survey: Check the special antenna system

design. For example, check the combiner model,
loss, and special external filters in the case of the
shared antenna system by UMTS and GSM.

Responsibility Interface (Outdoor Roof
Part) Responsibility Owner
Check the antenna installation mode and
installation position. The related records should be
Check the antenna installation mode (rooftop, tower, or confirmed together with the customer and network
peak) and installation position. Check the feeder length planners. Check the outdoor feeders and jumpers.
and category. The related records should be confirmed Prepare the survey report (outdoor part) and the
together with the customer and engineering personnel. engineering design drawing, which are used for
delivery reference (excluding delivery without the
survey report).
Properly set the antenna parameters. In detail, record

the antenna model, antenna height (building or tower
height inclusive), azimuth, and downtilt.
Outdoor
roof part Check the other system at the GU co-site. Perform the
electromagnetic environment test. Based on antenna-
related parameters, position and height, ensure the
effect of system isolation and space diversity.
Record site-related information. Prepare the survey

report (outdoor roof part), which involves the site
latitude and longitude, profile (or photo) of the building
or tower where the antenna is installed, roof sketch
(antenna installation inclusive), and co-site information
(mode, frequency band, or antenna).

Responsibility Interface (Outdoor Environment Part and
Output Documents)
Responsibility Owner
Check the ambient radio environment.
Check for major obstacles, large-area
reflection or absorption zones (like
lakes, hills, or forests). Ensure a good
network coverage. Locate and test the
obvious radio interference source (like
inter-system interference) around the
site.
Outdoor environment Properly set the antenna parameters
part (like azimuth and downtilt), based on
the ambient radio environment and
traffic volume.
Record the information about the
ambient environment. Prepare the
survey report (ambient environment
part). Take the environmental photos
(total 12 photos with interval 30˚) that
illustrate the ambient environment.
WCDMA Site Survey Report, WCDMA
Engineering Survey Report, Site Survey Memo,
Site Survey Form, Site Survey Memo,
Output documents WCDMA Engineering Parameters List,
indoor and outdoor installation drawings, and
related attachments.
and related attachments (like photos).

Thank You
www.huawei.com

GSM-to-UMTS Training Series 04 - WCDMA Site Survey - V1.0

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Internal

WCDMA Site Survey

GSM-to-UMTS Training Series_V1.0 www.huawei.com

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential

2008-10-31 1.0 Draft completed. Zang Liang

2008-12-31 1.1 Descriptions in page 13 updated Liu

2009-01-14 1.2 Required information about the Dong

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 2

The result of site survey may determine the

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 3

 Be familiar with the procedure of site survey

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 4

Chapter 2 Site Survey Procedure

Chapter 3 Site Survey Report

Chapter 4 Responsibility Interface

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 5

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 6

Chapter 2 Site Survey Procedure

Chapter 3 Site Survey Report

Chapter 4 Responsibility Interface

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 7

Ideal sites list

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 8

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 9

 Learn about the project profile. Collect the

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 10

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 11

Tape Measures the length.

Telescope Observes the ambient environment.

Laser rangefinder Measures the height of a building.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 12

locate the ideal sites.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 13

 The principles of site selection are as follows:

a. Always try to plan the site at the ideal position of

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 14

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 15

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 16

 Improper site layout has a

1. Poor coverage areas and blind

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 17

2. Excessive overlapping coverage:

If the distance between sites is too small, or

if the forward power allocation is improper,

the overlapping coverage is excessive, or

the soft handover occurs frequently. The

strong pilot signals may cause pilot

pollution and a deteriorated BLER. Thus,

call drops may occur.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 18

the peak or a skyscraper in the downtown or

suburb, cross coverage may occur. When

you determine the site location and direction

of the main lobe of the antenna, cross

coverage may also occur if the main lobe

direction is consistent with the route of

terrestrial objects having the waveguide

effect, such as streets and rivers.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 19

 Taking photos of the site profile

 One to two photos of site entrance, entire building, or iron tower

 Collecting the latitude and longitude information of the site

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 20