Globalisation

Wednesday 13 January 2016

Making of the Modern World Lecture

Giorgio Riello
g.riello@warwick.ac.uk
http://twistedsifter.com/2013/08/maps-that-will-help-you-make-sense-of-the-world/
Three issues for Today’s lecture

1. Definition of Globalisation

what is globalisation?

2. Does Globalisation have a history?

when did it begin ? Does it come in waves of phases?

3. Dimensions of the phenomenon:

economic, social, and what else?

1. Definitions of globalisation
“Globalization constitutes integration of National economies into the
International economy through trade, direct foreign investment (by
corporations and multinationals), short-term capital flows, international
flows of workers and humanity generally, and flows of technology”
Jagdish Bhagwati, In Defence of Globalization (Oxford, 2006), p. 3.

“[Globalization] is a reality that now affects every part of the globe and
every person on it, even though in widely differing local contexts.”.
Bruce Mazlish, “Comparing Global History to World History,” Journal of Interdisciplinary History 28/3
(1998), p. 387.

“A progressive increase in the scale of social processes from a local or

regional to a world level”
C.A. Bayly, ‘“Archaic” and A-Modern Globalization in the Eurasian and African Arena, c. 1750-1850',
in A.G. Hopkins, ed., Globalization in World History (2002), pp. 48-9.
2. When did Globalisation Begin?

Social scientists (esp. sociologists of globalization)

see it as a very recent phenomenon, something that
might go back to the period following the major
economic crisis of 1973-74, perhaps to 1945.
2. When did Globalisation Begin?
1. Pre-1500

Andre Gunder Frank in his well known Re-

Orient (1998) argued that globalization was
there well before 1500. This is because:

- Single world economy before 1500

- trade (Silk roads and later European trade in
Asia)
-Centrality of China
2. When did Globalisation Begin?
2. In the Sixteenth Century

Dennis Flynn and Arturo Giraldez claims that

globalization begun in 1571 when the
Spaniards settled down in Manila in the
Philippines and opened up trade :

- Manila to Acapulco

- Importance of the Pacific

- Importance of Silver
Flynn, Dennis O., and Arturo
Giráldez, ‘Cycles of Silver: Global
Economic Unity through the Mid-
Eighteenth Century’, Journal of
World History, 13, no. 2 (2002), pp.
391-427
2. When did Globalisation Begin?
3. In the Early 19th Century: Bayly

Christopher Baily claims i that globalization

started with the collapse of 18th century
regimes

This he defines as ‘modern globalisation’

and sees it as a process based on:

-colonialism and imperialism

- and the concept of free trade.

C.A. Bayly, ‘“Archaic” and A-Modern Globalization in the

Eurasian and African Arena, c. 1750-1850', in A.G. Hopkins,
ed., Globalization in World History (2002) [HY 100.G5]
2. When did Globalisation Begin?
3. In the Early 19th Century: Bayly

Type of globalisation time features

A. PROTO 1500-1750 - European exploration
- Role of silver
- importance of slavery

B. MODERN 1750-1900 - Revolutions (political and

economic)
- colonialisms and imperialism
- free trade
C. PRESENT 1950- - Business and corporations
- Personal communication

C.A. Bayly, ‘“Archaic” and “Modern “Globalization in the Eurasian and African Arena, c. 1750-1850', in A.G.
Hopkins, ed., Globalization in World History (2002) [HY 100.G5]
 2. When did Globalisation Begin?
4. 1820-1913: The Great Phase

Williamson and O’Rourke underline how

he period from 1820 to 1870 in particular was:
- age of ‘free trade’
- liberalization of the state –
- Increased commodity trade

Critiques:
- issues of power forgotten
- gunboat diplomacy
- colonial control
- Post 1870
- Mass migration
- infrastructure (railroads and
steamships, and cables
Kevin H. O'Rourke and Jeffrey G. Willamson, Globalization and History: the evolution of a nineteenth-century
Atlantic economy (Cambridge, Mass., 1999).
2. When did Globalisation Begin? Phases
5. 1914-1945: De-globalisation?

The interwar period saw:

-economic protectionism and autarky

-economic and monetary instability

-stagnation of the economies

-moribund empires, and the confrontation

between the US and the Soviet Union

- lack of innovation
2. When did Globalisation Begin? Phases
6. 1945-2013: Contemporary Globalisation

The key force of globalization after 1945 was

the action of institutions and governments

And of markets after 1973:

- Liberal economic policies and regimes

- Growth of world trade and financial
transactions
-Advances in Information Technologies
and easier access to information
- Performance of services remotely
-New business organizations:
- A high degree of convergence in
consumer culture
2. When did Globalisation Begin? Phases
7. Post 2014: A second de-globalisation?

Is it possible that we are going towards de-

globalisation once again?

- the 2008 financial crisis

- the US is overstretched

- great power rivalry (US-China) and a

sclerosis of Europe

- global alliances not working; and

rogue regimes

- revolutionary terrorism
Niall Ferguson, “Sinking Globalization,” Foreign Affairs, 84/2 (2005), pp. 64-77.
3. The Dimensions of Globalisation

Movement Integration Global issues

People migration Communication Population and

cities and inequality
geographies

Things Trade and transport Resources and

commodities the environment

Actions Capitals Business and Economic crises

organisations

Values Ideas and States and Human Rights

ideologies institutions

Post 1500 Post 1820 Post 1945

3. The Dimensions of Globalisation

Movement Integration Global issues

People migration Communication Population and

cities and inequality
geographies

Things Trade and transport Resources and

commodities the environment

Actions Capitals Business and Economic crises

organisations

Values Ideas and States and Human Rights

ideologies institutions

Post 1500 Post 1820 Post 1945

3. The Dimensions of Globalisation

Communication, Technology and Transport

•First steamship cross the Atlantic 1838

•Invention of the Telephone 1876
•Edison’s incandescent electric light 1878
•First Car 1885
•First wireless message sent across the Atlantic 1901
•First airplane by the Wright brothers 1903
•First Radio Programme 1920
•First Television broadcasting 1936
•Nuclear Power to produce electricity 1951
•First Videogame console 1972
•First Cd-Rom 1982
•World Wide Web 1990
•DVD 1995
3. The Dimensions of Globalisation

Movement Integration Global issues

People migration Communication Population and

cities and inequality
geographies

Things Trade and transport Resources and

commodities the environment

Actions Capitals Business and Economic crises

organisations

Values Ideas and States and Human Rights

ideologies institutions

Post 1500 Post 1820 Post 1945

3. The Dimensions of Globalisation

Global US Corporations and States

WallMart as big as Norway ($414 billion)
Exxon Mobil Thailand ($318.85)
Chevron Czech Republic ($192)
Phillips Pakistan ($175)
General Electric New Zealand ($140)
General Motors Bangladesh ($104)
Bank of America Vietnam ($103)
Ford Morocco ($103)
Proctor & Gamble Libya ($75)
Microsoft Croatia ($60.5)
Apple Ecuador ($59)
Pepsi Oman ($56)
Amazon Kenya ($32)
McDonald's Latvia ($20.05
Nike Paraguay ($18.48)
Visa Zimbabwe ($7.4)
Edison Congo ($13.3)
3. The Dimensions of Globalisation

Movement Integration Global issues

People migration Communication Population and

cities and inequality
geographies

Things Trade and transport Resources and

commodities the environment

Actions Capitals Business and Economic crises

organisations

Values Ideas and States and Human Rights

ideologies institutions

Post 1500 Post 1820 Post 1945

3. The Dimensions of Globalisation

How large is the world population?

doubling in
1/2 billion in 1300
1 billion in 1800
2 billion in 1930 130
3 billion in 1960 30
4 billion in 1974 14
5 billion in 1987 13
6 billion in 1999 12
7 billion in 2011 12
8 billion in 2023 12
9 billion in 2035 12
10 billion in 2047 12
3. The Dimensions of Globalisation

Movement Integration Global issues

People migration Communication Population and

cities and inequality
geographies

Things Trade and transport Resources and

commodities the environment

Actions Capitals Business and Economic crises

organisations

Values Ideas and States and Human Rights

ideologies institutions

1500-c.1800 1800-1945 Post 1945

3. The Dimensions of Globalisation

Movement Integration Global issues

People migration Communication Population and

cities and inequality
geographies

Things Trade and transport Resources and

commodities the environment

Actions Capitals Business and Economic crises

organisations

Values Ideas and States and Human Rights

ideologies institutions

1500-c.1800 1800-1945 Post 1945

3. The Dimensions of Globalisation

Movement Integration Global issues

People migration Communication Population and

cities and inequality
geographies

Things Trade and transport Resources and

commodities the environment

Actions Capitals Business and Economic crises

organisations

Values Ideas and States and Human Rights

ideologies institutions

1500-c.1800 1800-1945 Post 1945

3. The Dimensions of Globalisation

Movement Integration Global issues

People migration Communication Population and

cities and inequality
geographies

Things Trade and transport Resources and

commodities the environment

Actions Capitals Business and Economic crises

organisations

Values Ideas and States and Human Rights

ideologies institutions

1500-c.1800 1800-1945 Post 1945

Three issues for Today’s lecture

1. Definition of Globalisation

what is globalisation? MULTIPLE DEFINITIONS

2. Does Globalisation have a history:

when did it begin ? Does it come in waves of phases?

DIFFERENT STARTING POINT
PHASES – NOT A CONTINOUS PROCESS

3. Dimensions of the phenomenon:

economic, social, and what else?

ALL OF THEM BUT SOME FACTORS PREVAIL AT
CERTAIN TIMES. - MOVEMENT
- INTEGRATION
- GLOBAL ISSUES