HUMAN

FREEDOM
WHAT IS FREEDOM?
BASED ON KANT’S PERCEPTION
- In Kant’s philosophy, Freedom is defined as the ability to
govern one’s action on the basis of reason, and not
desire.

- He emphasizes that the freedom of man is solely based

not on animalistic nature imposed from birth but rather to
lie by the laws imposed to yourself
- Kant also defined it in a concept of: WHAT SHOULD I DO?

- Correspondingly, it is closely related to the idea of

AUTONOMY which translates as “self legislator”.

- Kant emphasizes the moral law as a way to know the self

as a free person which obedience falls under the law
created by yourself.
- The traditional sense of freedom falls under the idea of:
“one’s ability to righteously act, speak, and think the way
they wish”

- Philosophers throughout the history argued that this is the

state which man is most willing to live in and the principle
that lead to the rise of new nations and democratic
governments.
- Apparently, when an average person, faced with
presented with alternative choices, one would pick in the
sense of desire.
- Kant defined this concept of freedom as “The Idea of
Freedom”. It commonly known today as libertarian
freedom.
- Libertarians would state that one is free when he can
choose whatever he wants.
- However, Kant’s perception of freedom contradicts the
idea of libertarians and believes that choosing what you
want isn’t really freedom.
- The ideal notion of reason is to derived conclusion on the
basis of objectives rather than subjectivity.

- However, Kant perceive reason as the usage of

intelligence, an instrumental reason.

- He coined the idea as “Pure Reason” where one considers

“good” and “bad”.
- The most important aspect of Pure Reason is that is it
related to libertarian freedom.

- Libertarian freedom, on the other hand, defined by Kant

as enslavement to your desire.

- He set this concept as the boundary where one cannot

use desire as a fuel of rationality in defining what is moral.
WHAT IS FREE WILL?
 FREE WILL
-Refers “to our
mental ability to
make choices
and do actions to
carry out these
choices.
 FREEDOM

- Freedom is - It is also an important

an intrinsic indicator of human
and essential being is the ability to
property of make choices and
the person. perform actions.
INDICATORS
OF BEING
F R E E
CONSCIOUS SELF This self- Without self-
AWARENESS is awareness awareness
one of the key provide us human beings
factor in with the ability will be
determining of consigned to
whether a retrospection an existence
particular being giving human that is fully
is free or not. beings to look determined by
into their
themselves environment.
and examine
their thoughts.
- Because we - Our - Freedom is
are self-aware, preference rooted in the
we have the and views human's self
ability to think are other determination
of the aspects of and the
possibilities and our exercise of
alternatives in personality intellect and
our lives. that we free will.
freely adopt.
- Freedom is This nature - Freedom also
rooted in the of self give us the
human's self determinati choice to
determination on states undertake
and the that actions one of the
exercise of speak what possible
intellect and kind of actions.
free will. person a
man is.
- To lose control of
ourselves diminish human
freedom, dehumanized
the person. People whose
freedom are denied also
are dehumanized.
 THOUGHT BOX
AUTONOMY IS AN ILLUSION
• Some people deny the concept of autonomy and one of
them is BF Skinner.

• Skinner held that all human actions are responses to external

stimuli and that all actions are explainable by these outside
forces, thereby eliminating the role of freedom in behaviour.

• His premise is that everything is determined by everything that

happened in the past as well as the events that happened in
his environment and coined it as “determinism”.
 ‘’
The behavior of human can be
programmed in order to modify
patterns of behavior.
The human cannot be but free because he is always in a
process of creating or building himself. We are conscious
and self-aware and continue to build ourselves based on
past events and future that serves as our inspiration of what
are we going to be.

Man is condemned to be free

JEAN-PAUL SARTRE
• In a political microscopic level, autonomy pertains to the
right of the county to govern itself, free from coercion
and intervention from other nation. Applied in self, it points
to one's ability to choose in accordance with one owns
motivation
• It also pertains to freedom to act in accordance with
one's own beliefs, principles, and values.
• Accepts determinism, and further believes that
determinism and freedom are incompatible.

• “No free will, no moral responsibility“

• “Possible alternate possibilities for freedom”

• Accepts the premise of hard determinism that freedom
and determinism are incompatible, but reject the premise
that determinism is true or correct

• There are some events or actions that are caused by the

self or mind through the power of will
• Accepts the premise of hard determinism that freedom
and reject the premise of hard determinism that freedom
and determinism are incompatible .
• Human action is free as long as she/he is not forced to do
actions to satisfy his/her desire, determinism are
incompatible, but reject the premise that determinism is
true or correct .
• There are some events or actions that are caused by the
self or mind through the power of will.
 HARD DETERMINISM LIBERTARIANISM COMPATIBILISM

If freedom compatible Yes Yes No

with Determinism?

Is determinism correct? Yes No It does not matter

Are humans free? No Yes Yes

When are humans When they are not When they are not When they are not by
choice/actions free determined by external determined by external forced to make choices
factors factors or do actions.
• based on libetarianism and compatabilism

• based on compatabilism
• THE ABSENCE OF PHYSICAL RESTRAINTS OR FORCES upon
doing something.

• A person is free to move or to go wherever he/she wants

to go.

• Given that a person has natural limitations, physical

freedom allows him/her to act in a determined manner.
• Also known as FREEDOM OF CHOICE.

• Innate and cannot be denied by a person.

• A person is free to do whatever actions that he/she

considers right or wise.

• A freedom which also states that a person is free to do or

not to do a particular action.
•Using freedom in a way
that it upholds HUMAN
• It should be used for one's growth as a
person.

• Good usage of freedom gives more

freedom while bad usage of it
decreases a person's freedom.
HUMAN FREEDOM
2 ELEMENTS THAT DEFINE FREEDOM
• Refers to the ability of a person to act out of
his or her own free will and self-
determination.

• Also refers to the ability of a person to take

an action even if it is not required or called.
• Refers to the person being accountable for his or her
action and their consequences.

• Can also have a positive and negative meaning and it

goes hand-in-hand with voluntariness in determining the
morality of an action.
• When a person is faced to do an action his or her
will, it follow that he or she cannot be held
responsible for his or her involuntary action.
• Self-reflection is vital in the proper
exercise of human freedom.
• Human freedom should be exercised with control and a
recognition of reasonable limits.
• Limiting our personal freedom requires us to sacrifice
certain self-interests and accept certain realities that are
beyond our control
• Society also imposes restrictions on our individual freedom.
• Freedom should be exercised with regard for knowledge
and truth
• We should also recognize and uphold not only our
individual freedom but also the freedom of others.
• The mind can initiate its own acts in the form of mental
states and processes such as choices, intentions, desires
and beliefs because of his will.
• Is the free will or the power of the mind to freely come up
with mental state processes to cause the body to perform
actions without external factors.
• The mind-body problem is an essential part to discuss the
issue of explaining the possibility of mental causation.
• Ontological mind-body problem - investigates how the
mind / consciousness arises from the brain.

• Causal Mind-Body problem -studies how mental and

bodily events causally influence one another
• Interactionism the view taken by most people on the
causal mind-body relation regarded as the “default
position” on this problem.

• Rene Descartes, major proponent of this view.

This view affirms the four types of causal relation at work
between mind and the body.

1. mental-to-mental type of causation

2. mental-to-physical type of causation
3. physical-to-mental type of causation
4. physical-to-physical type of causation
• Interactionism claims that while the causal powers of the
body, being governed by natural laws, are deterministic,
those of the mind, not being governed by natural laws,
are voluntary or free.
1. Mental states are real in that they have an identity
distinct from bodily states.
2. Mental states and bodily states casually influence one
another.
3. The causal powers of the mind are voluntary or non-
deterministic.
1. Mental states are real in that they have an identity
distinct from bodily states.
2. Mental states and bodily states casually influence one
another.
3. The causal powers of the mind are voluntary or non-
deterministic.
• No-mind view resolves the causal mind-body problem by
dissolving or rejecting the problem that there is to begin
with, no mind-body relation.

• Held by theory of mind called mind-brain identity theory

• No-causation view affirms the reality of mental states but
rejects the causal powers of this states.

• Extreme version - denies all forms of causal relations

between mind & body
• Leibniz's view called parallelism, which gives up the very idea that there is
a causal relationship between mental events and the physical events in
the body.
• No-causation view affirms the reality of mental states but
rejects the causal powers of this states.

• Moderate version - denies only some of these causal

relations
• represented by epiphenomenalism claims that mental states are product
for indirect effects of the physical states or processes of the body
• No-freedom view accepts the reality and causal power of
mental states

• Theory of the mind / Computationalism

- regards the mind as kind of computer program
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• deservingness of BLAME or PRAISE (punishment or reward)
for the actions that we perform is a necessary
consequence of our intelligence and freedom
• Accountability is associated with blame.
• enables us to distinguish • enables us to choose the
between right and wrong kind of action that we would
actions, or actions that we like to perform or to
ought and ought not to do intentionally perform an
action
We deserve praise when we did something
right.
We deserve the blame if we did something
wrong.
• Legal accountability- a person is given punishments or
penalties by state for performing an illegal action; while he/she
is given certain benefit or services by the state, such as police
protection and free education.
In legal accountability...
• person is given punishment/penalties
for doing an illegal action; while s/he
is given certain benefit by the state
• (e.g. police protection & free
education for those who abide to the
law)
In moral accountability...
• person deserves the moral blame
for doing something immoral;
whereas moral praise for doing
something moral

LEGAL ACCOUNTABILITY coincides with MORAL ACCOUNTABILITY if laws embody

moral principles, which does not always happen.
• one's deservingness of • something you should do
BLAME or PRAISE for his/her because it's morally right
actions and/or legally required
 VALUES RESULTS EXPERIENCE STRATEGY HUMAN
PROCRASTINATE RESULTS EXPERIENCE STRATEGY
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LAZY IMMATURE
SLACK OFF NEWBIE

REST NOTHING DUTY STRATEGY HUMAN

POWER RESULTS DEATH STRATEGY NATURE
VALUES LOVE EXPERIENCE TRUST HUMAN
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• • sense of responsibility in which being responsible; holding
certain duties of obligations
• (Ex. Parent's responsibilities to their children to provide for
their needs or to give discipline)
• Responsibility as duty - refers to the sense of "responsibility
in which being responsible means holding certain duties or
obligations.

• Responsibility as agency - the sense of responsibility" in which

being responsible means being the cause of something or
being the one that brings about something, causes can be
humans or nonhumans.
MORAL AGENTS MORAL RECIPIENTS

Moral agents are are the targets of these

entities who hold
certain moral duties. moral duties and thus are
entities who hold moral
Moral agents, rights.
however, are
necessarily moral moral recipients may or
recipients as well; and may not be moral agents
thus in addition to as well:and thus in
their moral duties they addition to their moral
are necessarily rights, they may or may
bearers of moral rights
as well. not have moral duties.
• INTENTIONALITY CONDITIONS - One is that he or she does
the action intentionally, that is to say, he or she has the
intention of doing the action and he or she performs the
action to carry out the intention.

• KNOWLEDGE CONDITIONS - The other is that the person

knows or is capable of knowing that the action he or she is
thinking of performing is right or wrong, good or bad.
• The excusing conditions are the absence of the two
incriminating conditions: the absence of the intentionality
condition means that the action under consideration is
not done intentionally, while the absence of the
knowledge condition means that the action is done out of
ignorance.
- IRRESPONSIBLE IGNORANCE - is the kind of ignorance
where we can say to an ignorant person that he/she
should have known better.
- REAL IGNORANCE - is the kind of ignorance where we
cannot say to an ignorant person that he/she should have
known better.
• MITIGATING - LESSEN the degree of
• accountability

• AGGRAVATING - INCREASE the degree of

• accountability
 The first degree of difficulty or
1 pressure that forces one to perform
actions that one believes to be
wrong.
The intensity of the injury that results

4 FACTORS THAT
2 from a wrongful action

DETERMINES THE
DEGREE OF
ACCOUNTABILITY
3 Degree of one’s involvement in the
case of collective action

4 Degree of one’s knowledge of the

wrongfulness of an action and
relevant facts