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Quantum Mechanics
PRESENTED TO;
MAM KIRAN SHEHZADI
PRESENTED BY;
SANA AHMED
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Contents

 Quantum mechanics definition

 Principle
 History
 Quantum mechanics equation
 Solution of Schrodinger equation for hydrogen atom
 Postulates of Quantum mechanics
 Th wave function postulates
 Wave function constraints
 Probability in Quantum mechanics
 Relativistic Quantum mechanics
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Quantum Mechanics Definition

 Quantum mechanics is the branch of physical chemistry which involves the

study of discrete and indivisible units of energy. Quantum mechanics is also
called quantum physics or quantum theory.

Principle;
The basic principle of quantum mechanics is that particles like
electrons have dual nature of particles and wave.
 Quantum mechanics is different from classical mechanics. It include the
mathematical evaluation of dual behavior of particles and the energy and
matter interaction.
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History of Quantum Mechanics

 The concept of black body radiation was given by

Gustav Kirchhoff in 1859.He proved that the emitted energy E of a black body is the
function of temperature T and the frequency V of the emitted energy.
 So, E=j(TV) but it was not possible for him to find the function of j.
 A formula was proposed by Planck in 1900 for Kirchhoff’s function.
 After the photoelectric effect of Einstein, Ricci and Levi- Civita gave the quantum theory
of light.
 In 1913 Niels Bohr discovered the important laws of spectral lines.
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 Then in 1926, Schrodinger published his

equation for hydrogen atom. This
gave the introduction of wave
mechanics. He also introduced
operator of each dynamical variable.
 In 1932, Von Neumann finally put
quantum theory on theoretical basis in
the setting of operator algebra.
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Quantum Mechanics Equation

 The mathematical function of quantum mechanics is known as wave

function.
 The probability amplitude of various properties of particles like position
and momentum is measured by wave function.
 Mathematical formulations of the wave function involve the bracket
notation.
 It is necessary to know about the complex numbers and linear functions for
explaining the bracket notation.
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Schrodinger Wave Equation

 The wave equation is given by the Schrodinger is as below;

 ih∂∂tψ(r,t)ih∂∂tψ(r,t) = −h22m▽2ψ(r,t)+V(r,t)ψ(r,t)−h22m▽2ψ(r,t)+V(r,t)ψ(r,t)
Where;
i is imaginary number
h is Planck's constant divided by 2p
ΨΨ (r,t) is the wave function, defined over space and time
m is the mass of the particle
▽2▽2 is the Laplacian operator
V(r,t) is the potential energy influencing the particle
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Postulates of Quantum Mechanics

 The main postulates of quantum mechanics are given as below.

 The wave function which is related to moving particle in a conservative
field of force is a kind of wave function by which, everything about the
system can be known.
 An operator Q is always associated with every physical observable q.
When the operator Q is operated with the wave function, the definite
value of Q will yield the value times for the wave function.

 The wave function’s time evolution is measured by the Schrodinger

equation which should be time dependent.
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 This postulate of quantum mechanics is particular for a physical system

containing a particle. For this there is a wave function associated.
 This wave function gives all the information about the system. The wave
function is based on the assumption that it’s single-valued function of
position and time.
 The wave function can be a complex function because it produces the
product with its complex conjugate. This complex conjugate specifies the
probability of finding the particle in a specific state
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Wave Function Constraints

 For a physically observable system, the wave function should satisfy some
constraints;
 The wave function should be solution of the Schrodinger equation.
 The wave function should be normalized. This means that wave function
approaches to zero as x approaches to infinity.
 The wave function should be continuous function of x.
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Probability in Quantum Mechanics

 The wave function shows the probability amplitude. The probability

amplitude is used for finding a particle at a particular point in space at a
particular time. Thus the probability of finding the particle is determined by
the multiplication of the wave function and it is complex conjugate.
 Ψ(x,y,z,t)=Ψ(x,y,z,t)= probability amplitude Ψ∗Ψ=Ψ∗Ψ= probability
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Relativistic Quantum Mechanics

 This is also known as theory of quantum interactions. It involves the

evaluation of the theory of special relativity. It incorporates the theory of
general relativity into quantum mechanics. The non-relativistic quantum
mechanics is explained by Schrodinger Equation.
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