BUILDING CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIALS

SURFACE FINISHING

ANJALI RAWAT
GAURANG SRIVASTAV
SMRITI CHAUHAN
INTRODUCTION
• As the name “Surface Finishing” itself suggests that it is finish given to the wall to
enhance the interior or exterior look of the structure.
• Surface finish consists mainly of the coverings of the rough walls, ceilings and floors.
• Wall finishes provide a decorative skin to conceal building components including
structural members, insulation etc
• Good wall finishes are plumb and straight. Surface may be smooth or textured and better
wall finishes are durable.
• Some wall finishes are versatile, taking decorative finishes such as stain, paint and
wallpaper readily.
• Walls may make a decorating statement, or may be simply background.
 WHAT IS PLASTERING
• Plastering is a process of covering rough walls and uneven surfaces in the construction of houses and other
structures with plastic material, called plaster or mortar.
• Plaster is a pasty composition that hardens on drying and is used for coating wall, ceilings and partitions.
• Plastering is one of the most ancient building techniques.
 TYPES OF PLASTER

1. Clay Plaster
2. Gypsum Plaster
3. Lime Plaster
4. Cement Plaster
5. Heat resistant Plaster
1.CLAY PASTER
Clay plaster is a mixture of clay with fine sand to provide natural look. Clay plasters are
often used in old buildings. Clay plaster can be used as base coat when mixed with coarse
sand and can be used with finer sand to produce top coat. There are many different types of
clay used in plaster, some clay are hard and some are soft but absorbs more moisture.
2.GYPSUM PLASTER
Gypsum plaster, or plaster of Paris, is produced by heating gypsum to about 300 °F.
When the dry plaster powder is mixed with water, it re-forms into gypsum. It is an anti-
fungus plaster and is not affected by insects. It is used in interior walls and ceiling.
3.LIME PLASTER
Lime plaster is a mixture of calcium hydroxide and sand. Carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere causes the plaster to set by transforming the calcium hydroxide into calcium
carbonate. T o make lime plaster, limestone (calcium carbonate) is heated above
approximately 850 °C to produce quicklime (calcium oxide). Water is then added to
produce slaked lime (calcium hydroxide), which is sold as a wet putty or a white powder.
Additional water is added to form a paste prior to use. The paste may be stored in airtight
containers. When exposed to the atmosphere, the calcium hydroxide very slowly turns
back into calcium carbonate through reaction with atmospheric carbon dioxide, causing the
plaster to increase in strength.
4. CEMET PLASTER
Cement plaster is a mixture of suitable plaster, sand, portland cement and water which is
normally applied to masonry interiors and exteriors to achieve a smooth surface.It works
excellently on both interior and exterior walls. It is not made for smooth surfaces and is not
considered safe from fungus and insects.
5.HEAT RESISTANT PLASTER
Heat resistant plaster is a building material used for coating walls and chimney breasts. Its
purpose is to replace conventional gypsum plasters in cases where the temperature can get
too high for gypsum plaster to stay on the wall. Heat resistant plaster should be used in
cases where the wall is likely to exceed temperatures of 50 °C
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GYPSUM
PLASTER AND CEMENT PLASTER
CEMENT PLASTER
Cement plaster is made up of sand, Portland cement and water.
Cement plaster works excellently on both external and interior surfaces.
Cement plaster is not considered safe from fungus, moulds etc.
Cement plaster is not made for smooth surfaces.
GYPSUM PLASTER
Gypsum plaster is not used as Portland cement because it is consider as a binder.
Gypsum plaster can only be used in ceilings and interior walls and it is not meant for wet
areas.
Gypsum plaster is an Anti-fungus plaster and it does not get affected by any insects.
Gypsum plaster works amazingly on both smooth and rough surfaces.
WHY DO WE PLASTER
• People used plaster to cover the
bare stone or mudbrick on the walls of houses, both
inside and outside . The plaster makes the wall more
waterproof, so it won’t fall apart in the rain. Plaster also
makes the wall smooth and white, or you can paint it
any colour.
• Plaster is a better insulator.
• Plater helps in reducing noise through walls that is it is a
better sound blocker.
• Plater helps to get a long lasting structure.
• Plaster helps in removing carbon dioxide from air. Lime
plaster pulls carbon dioxide.
 PAINT
• A paint is a coloured substance which is spread over a surface and dries to
leave a decorative or protective coating
• Paint is made of following components
1. Base
2. Binders or vehicle or carrier of paint
3. Solvents
4. Drier
5. Pigments
6. Additives
 PAINT COMPOSITION
BASE
A base is a solid substance in a fine state of division and its forms the bulk of a paint. It imparts the
character of the paint
BINDERS/VEHICLE
Hold the paint together as well as bind it to the surface that is painted, thus, giving the paint its property of
durability.
SOLVENTS
Give the paint its fluidity and enable it to be brushed on a surface.
DRIER
These substances accelerate the process of drying. A drier absorbs oxygen from the air and transfers it to
the linseed oil which is turn gets hardened
PIGMENTS
Give paint its colour and opacity
ADDITIVES
Gives paint special properties such as resistance to fungus, rust, etc.
 APPLICATION OF PAINT
• Surface to be painted shall be dry, free from dirt, oil, grease, old loose paints
etc.
• All cracks shall be raked out and stopped
• All holes and dirt shall be fillet
• Painting work should be done by the skilled worker
• Make sure the rooms are in good ventilation and dry
• Application may be by brush, roller or sprays
 APPLICATION OF PAINT TO
NEW PLASTERED SURFACE
• New plastered surface shall be allowed to dry completely.
• Shall be clean and remove dust, dirt, plaster splash.
• The clean surface shall be applied with the one coat of alkali resisting primer sealer.
• Then followed with two coats of emulsion paint.
DECORATIVE WALL
FINISHES
TEXTURED WALL PAINT
• TILE MURALS
 MOSAIC TILES
• Mosaic tiles are one of the most attractive wall
coverings.
• The very small size of the tiles can create great
compositions by pieces with different hues.
• Can also be used as wall decorative element and be
combined with ceramic tiles of more big size.
• The size of the one glass tile is 10X10mm and before
application these tiles are mounted on berglass sheet
of 327X 327 mm.
• Mosaic tiles are more difficult to fix than usual ceramic
wall tiles but amazing energizing effect and give these
glass tiles can create an unlimited creative freedom
 POINTING
It is the process of finishing of the mortar joints of stone or brick masonry
When aging mortar joints crack and disintegrate, the defective mortar is
removed by hand or power tool and replaced with fresh mortar , preferably
of the same composition as the original.

PROCESS:
The mortar joints are racked to a depth of 10mm, loose mortar is removed
from them and refilled by fresh and rich mortar.

USES:
For finishing external walls of the constructions.
To improve the appearance of the structure.
 BEADED POINTING
The mortar is pressed in the raked joints and finished off flush with the face of the wall. A
steel rod having its end suitably shaped is run straight along the center line of joints to
form the beading.
 V-GROOVED POINTING
This type of pointing is made similar to keyed or grooved pointing by
suitably shaping the end of the steel rod to be used for forming the
grooving.

KEYED POINTING
The mortar is pressed into the raked joints and finished off flush with the
face of the wall. A groove is formed by running the bent end of a small
steel rod ( 6mm in diameter ) straight along the center line of te joints.
The vertical joints are also finished in the same manner.
FLUSH POINTING
The mortar is pressed into the raked joint and finished off flush
with the edges of the bricks or stones, so as to give a smooth
appearance . The edges are the nearly trimmed with a trowel and
straight edge.

CUT/ WEATHERED
POINTING
The mortar is first pressed into the raked joints. While the mortar is
still green, the top of the horizontal joints is nearly pressed back 3-
6 mm with the pointing tool. Thus the joint is finished slopping
from top of the joint to its bottom.
 TOOLS
Pointing trowels with blades 50, 75, 100 and 150 mm long are used with a hand held hawk .
The shortest trowel is known as a “ dotter” .
 JOINTING
Shaping mortar joints
The shape of brickwork joints is often done to match existing brickwork and often the
client or architect will specify that the joints be finished in a particular way in order to
achieve a particular effect of the finished brickwork .
There are a number of jointing effects that can be used : below are some of the more
Common types of joint finishes.
 DIFFERENCE B/W
POINTING AND JOINTING
• Jointing is the finish of the mortar between bricks or blocks, in brickwork or blockwork
that is finished surface.
• Jointing is executed as the brickwork or blockwork is built.
• Pointing is the finish given to the joints by raking out to a depth of approximately 20
mm and filling in one the face with a hand- setting cement mortar which could have a
color additive.
• Pointing is executed as an operation separation from bricklaying.
 CLADDING
• Cladding is the application of one material over another to provide a skin or
layer. In, construction, cladding is used to provide a degree of thermal
insulation and weather resistance, and to improve the appearance of
buildings.
• It can be attached to a building’s framework or an intermediate layer of
battens or spacers.
 CLADDING USES
• It is mainly used to stop wind and rain from entering the building.
• Cladding can also provide sound and thermal insulation as well as fire resistance.
• It is often used to make a building’s exterior look ore attractive.
 TYPES OF CLADDING
INTERIOR CLADDING
Timber cladding
PVC cladding
Stone cladding
painted glass cladding
Ceramic cladding
wallpaper

EXTERIOR CLADDING
Brick cladding Terracotta cladding
Stone cladding
Metal cladding (ACP cladding )
Stick frame cladding
Curtain wall (glass)
Fibre cement cladding
 ACP SHEETS
• ACP stands for ALUMINIUM COMPOSITE PANELS, ACP sheets are flat type panels, formed of thin
aluminum sheets bonded to a non- aluminum core.
• ACP is mainly used for external and internal architectural cladding or partitions, false ceilings etc.
• The typical system of fixing ACP panel is cassette system tray system. In India generally tray system is
followed
• ACP is available in 4mm, 3mm, and 1.5mm, 6mm thickness.
• The width of the ACP is 1220mm and length varies from
2440mm, 3050mm, 3660mm.
• The density of the aluminum composite panels is 1390kg/m3.
this is the reason that ACP is used as a cladding material as
compared to conventional materials.
• It has the capacity and strength to protect the walls from
extreme weather conditions.
 INSTALLATION SYSTEMS
• ATTACHED SYSTEM
• CURTAIN WALL SYSTEM
• INFILL SYSTEM
 ATTACHED SYSTEM
Has exterior cladding attached directly to structural frame
in large panels which span one or more stories or bays.
Example : precast concrete or steel-stud frames welded or
bolted to attachments built inti the structural frame.
Primary advantage: ability to fully insulate the exterior
walls and protect the structural frame from deteriorating
effects of weather.
 CURTAIN WALL
Similar to attached system except it is attached to the structural
frame with clip angles or sub- framing.
Examples: metal or glass walls which enclose most modern
skyscrapers . also, natural stones and light weight precast
panels.
Primary advantage: standard design requiring less time in pre-
construction and manufacturing.
 INFILL SYSTEM
• Cladding materials is installed between exterior floor slab edges and the exposed
exterior columns of the structural frame being the identifying feature.
• Example : pre-cast concrete, masonry, glass, or combination of tese.
• Primary advantage: installed from the interiors without relying onexternal scaffolding.
• Disadvantages :
• Structural frame is difficult to insulate.
• Differential movement between structural frame and cladding resulting additional heat
loss and heat gain to the interior environment.
• React to climate and change volume as the age.
TYPES OF WALL FINISHES
WOOD WALL PANELS
• It consists of a series of thin sheets of wood framed together by strips of wood.
• The vertical strips are known as stiles and the horizontal one as rails
• Wood panels include solid lumber panelling, wood veneer panelling and plastic
laminate faced wood panelling.
• Solid wood offers durability and creates texture.
PLYWOOD
• Plywood is a wood panel product made by bonding
veneers together under heat and pressure, usually with
the grain of adjacent piles at right angles to each other.
• Plywood core may be particleboard, medium density
fibreboard (MDF), veneer core or lumber core.
DESIGNER MIRROR
FINISH
• Designer mirrors are obtained by
small pieces on walls to create
mural like design.
MARBLE POWDER FINISH
This is very smooth finish. The finish
looks like marble flooring. This finish is
obtained by marble power, white cement
and water. It is applied manually
CEMENT TEXTURED FINISH
This is a decorative finish and its mortar is prepared in cement based material. It is applied faced plaster with a
trowel and after that it is coloured with paint.

CEMENT PLASTERED FINISH

It is prepared in t he form of mortar with cement, sand and water in proper proportions and masoary manusally
to achieve a smooth finish or sand faced finish
 LAMINATE FINISH
• Laminate comes in various
colours and designs.
• It comes in the form of
sheet and is pasted fevicol
on Plywood.
 WALLPAPERS
• Wallpaper is a material used in interior decoration to
decorate the interior walls of domestic and public building
.
• It is usually sold in rolls and is applied onto a wall by using
wallpaper waste .wallpapers come plain as ‘’ lining paper’’
( so that it cab be painted or used to help cover uneven
surfaces and minor wall defects thus giving a better
surface ), textured, with a regular repeating pattern design
, or much less commonly today with a single non-repeating
large design carried over a set of sheets.
• Wallpaper printing techniques include surface printing,
gravure printing, silk screen- printing , rotary printing, and
digital printing.
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