By: Group 2 (Cappuccino)

Democritus 460 BC
• Greek philosopher proposes the
existence of the atom.

• His Theory:
All atoms:
• Are small hard particles

• Are made of a single material formed into different

shapes and sizes

• Are always moving, and they form different materials by

joining together
 Aristotle
•He did not think there
was a limit to the number
of times matter could be
divided.

• He thought that all substances were

built up from only four elements.
• Earth Fire
• Water Air
John Dalton 1766-1844
• British chemist
• His Theory:
All substances are made of atoms
that cannot be created, divided, or
destroyed.

 Atoms join with other atoms to make new

substances.

 Atoms of the same element are exactly alike,

and atoms of different elements are different in
mass and size.
Dalton’s Model
• Solid Sphere
Model or
Bowling Ball
Model

• Proposed by
John Dalton
 J.J. Thomson
1856-1940
•English chemist and physicist;
discovered 1st subatomic particles.
• His Theory:
•Atoms contain negatively charged
particles called electrons and
positively charged matter.

• Created a model to describe the atom as a sphere

filled with positive matter with negative particles
mixed in
• Referred to it as the plum pudding model
J.J. Thomson’s Model
• Plum Pudding
Model or
Raisin Bun
Model

• Proposed by
J.J. Thomson
Ernest Rutherford
1871-1937
•New Zealand physicist
discovered the nucleus.
• His Theory:
 Small, dense, positively charged particle
present in nucleus called a proton

 Electrons travel around the nucleus, but

their exact places cannot be described.
Rutherford’s Model
• Nuclea
r
Model

•Proposed
by Ernest
Rutherford
Neils Bohr 1913
• Danish physicist; discovered
energy levels.

• His Theory:
 Electrons travel around the nucleus in
definite paths and fixed distances.

 Electrons can jump from one level to a

path in another level.
Bohr’s Model
• In Bohr’s model,
electrons move with
constant speed in fixed
orbits around the
nucleus, like planets
around a sun.

• Bohr proposed that

electrons move in paths at
certain distances around
the nucleus.

• Electrons can jump from a

path on one level to a path
on another level.
Erwin Shrodinger
1924
•Austrian physicist; developed
the electron cloud model.

• His Theory:
 The exact path of electrons cannot be
predicted.

 The region referred to as the electron cloud,

is an area where electrons can likely be
found.
Erwin Shrodinger’s Model
• Electron
Cloud Model

•Proposed by
Erwin
Schrodinger
James Chadwick 1932
•English physicist; discovered
neutrons

• His Theory:
 Neutrons have no electrical charge.
 Neutrons have a mass nearly equal to the
mass of a proton.
 Unit of measurement for subatomic
particles is the atomic mass unit (amu).
 Modern Theory of the
Atom
• Atoms are composed of three main subatomic particles: the
electron, proton, and neutron.

• Most of the mass of the atom is concentrated in the nucleus

of the atom.

• The protons and neutrons are located within the nucleus,

while the electrons exist outside of the nucleus.

• In stable atoms, the number of protons is equal to the

number of electrons.
• The type of atom is determined by the
number of protons it has.

• The number of protons in an atom is equal

to the atomic number.

• The sum of the number of protons and

neutrons in a particular atom is called the
atomic mass.

• Valence electrons are the outermost

electrons.
Thank
you..!!