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@ Objectives:
@ Define primary, secondary, and tertiary treatment
@ Define BOD

@ Describe the activated sludge process

@ Setup and solve a mass balance for an activated

sludge system
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@ Sorption:
@ Kd=Cs/CL
@ CT=(1+KdCss)CL
@ Fraction sorbed vs. fraction remaining in water

@ Settling
@ Settling velocity:
  DÎ 
Î  3‰

@ Percent of particles removed: (1-

(1-Css/Css,o) x 100%
@ Where,  ë

  ë 
 

  
   

å 
  å 


Suspended solids remaining: Define the Overflow Rate:


 
ë


å
ë@ 
å

ë 20 ² 100 m/day in treatment plants

        
@ POTW ² Publicly Owned Treatment Works
@ 0.4 ² 0.6 m3/person/day
@ 15 million people in Los Angeles 7.5 x 106m3/day
or 2000 MGD (million gallons per day)
@ Hyperion ² 450 MGD

@ Clean Water Act (CWA) ² 1977 ² Set effluent

(what is released by treatment plants into the
environment) standards
   
     
@ Primary
@ Contaminants (60% of solids and 35% of BOD removed)
@ Oil & Grease
@ Total Suspended Solids (Css or TSS) ² 60% Removed
@ Pathogens
@ BOD ² 35% removed
@ Processes
@ Screens
@ Grit Settling
@ Scum Flotation
@ Primary Settling
   

 
@ Secondary
@ Contaminants
@ BOD ² 90% Removed
@ TSS ² 90% Removed

@ Processes
@ Trickling Filter ² rotating disk
@ *
         
@ Oxidation ponds ² lagoons

(promote contact between microbes and contaminants)

   

 
@ Tertiary
@ Contaminants
@ Nutrients
@ Dissolved solids (e.g., salt, other ions, etc.)

@ Processes
@ Denitrification ² bacteria
@ Phosphorus removal ² precipitation

@ Other chemicals ² adsorption and precipitation

½   

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å 

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†

 m
 m

@ Given:
@ Q = 4000 m3/d
@ Css,o = 200 mg/L and Css = 100 mg/L
@ Sludge density = 0.05 kg/L
@ Overflow rate of 50 m/d
@ Find
@ Population of town served by this unit
@ Sludge production rate
@ Area of settling tank
@ Settling velocity of particles
@ Cut--off size of particles (find the particle diameter corresponding to this
Cut
settling velocity. Assume Îs = 2600 kg/m3. All particles larger than this
size will settle)
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!
Q, So, Xo Q+QR, S, X ëQ, S

å, V

Qs+QR, Xs
QR, Xs
Qs, Xs

‡ Assumptions:
‡ Effluent bacteria concentration is 0
‡ Concentration of substrate or BOD in sludge is 0
‡ Sludge flowrate (Qs) is much smaller than Q
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@ Substrate or BOD (S) decays with rate k:

üV


@ Microbes (X) grow at rate å:






 *
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@ The following equations are derived from
conducting mass balances over:
@ The entire system
@ The aeration tank

@ The sedimentation tank

@ Any good book on wastewater engineering will

have the derivations if you are curious!
 *
   *+ 

@ Biomass (X) balance over entire system:

† å  

@ Substrate (S) balance over entire system:

å D  ü
 †

 





 
V 
 
 * + 

@ Mass balance over sedimentation tank:

Då @ å 
 @ å  

@ Other equation(s)/rules of thumb:

@ F/M = QSo/XV - Food- to--microbe ratio: 0.3 ² 0.7 d-1
Food-to
@ QR ë 0.25 ² 0.50 x Q
@ X ë 1000 ² 2000 mg/L
@ Problem types:
@ Given Q, So, and S (target concentration)
@ Find QR, Qs, X, å, V, Y
 * 
@ Find Qs, å, V, Y
@ Given:
@ Q = 1000 m3/d
@ So = 150 mg/L
@ S = 15 mg/L
@ QR = 240 m3/d
@ F/M = 0.3 d-1
@ X = 2000 mg/L
@ Xs = 1% or 10,000 mg/L
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@ Microorganisms (e.g., bacteria) are responsible for decomposing
organic waste. When organic matter such as dead plants, leaves,
grass clippings, manure, sewage, or even food waste is present in
a water supply, the bacteria will begin the process of breaking
down this waste. When this happens, much of the available
dissolved oxygen is consumed by aerobic bacteria, robbing other
aquatic organisms of the oxygen they need to live. Biological
Oxygen Demand (BOD) is a measure of the oxygen used by
microorganisms to decompose this waste. If there is a large
quantity of organic waste in the water supply, there will also be a
lot of bacteria present working to decompose this waste. In this
case, the demand for oxygen will be high (due to all the bacteria)
so the BOD level will be high. As the waste is consumed or
dispersed through the water, BOD levels will begin to decline.