Three Phase Circuits

Vector Diagram of 3 Phase Supply

Voltages
VCN

0
120
0 VAN vRN  v AN
120
0
120 vYN  vBN
vBN  vCN
VBN
vRN  van  Vm sin  t ;
Vm  Max. Phase Voltage
 2 
vYN  vbn  Vm sin   t  
 3  VCN

 Vm sin  t  1200  0
120
 2  VAN
vBN  vcn  Vm sin   t   120
0

 3  0
120
 Vm sin  t  120 
0

sin  t  240 
VBN
 Vm 0
Controlled Rectifiers
Chapter 3 Chapter 10
Single-Phase Half-wave Converter

19
Performance Parameters

Single - phase Rectifies

 Input Waveforms
is instantaneous
input current

is1Fundamental
Component

Figure 3.2
Pdc  Vdc I dc Pac  Vrms I rms P
T/F
TUF  dc DF  cos 
Pdc Utilization Vs I s
 Vac  Vrms
2
- Vdc2
Pac I I
2
 Is 
2
2

Harmonic HF  s
   1
s1
Vrms Vac I s21  I s1 
Form
Factor
FF  RF  Factor
Vdc Vdc VI I
Power PF  s S 1 cos   S 1 cos 
2 Factor Vs I S IS
Ripple  Vrms 
Factor RF     1  FF 2
1 Crest
CF 
I S ( peak )
33
 Vdc  Factor IS
 3.3 Performance Parameters

Output Efficiency Form Factor Transformer Power Factor

DC power (rectification ratio) utilization
V VsIs1
Pdc FF  rms Factor PF  cos 
Pdc=VdcIdc  is the measure
Vdc of VsIs
Pac the shape of the Pdc
TUF  Is1
Output output voltage VsIs PF  cos ...(3.11)
Is
AC Power
AC Output Ripple Factor Displacement
Pac=VrmsIrms Vac Vac Factor
RF 
is the measure of
The output voltage composed V DF=cos
Vrms Vdc the rippledccontent
of two-components.
(i) dc valueV  V 2  V 2 ....
ac rms dc ( 3.4)
(ii) ac components or ripple  is the angle between
Where Vac is effective (rms) RF  FF 2  1.....(3.7) the fundamental
value of the ac-component. components of the input
current(Is1) and the input
voltage
 3.3 Performance Parameters NOTES
HF is a measure of the
distortion and is also
known as the TOTAL
Total Harmonic Distortion, or THDDISTORTION
HARMNIC is
Harmonic a rectifier
Crestspecification
Factor that compares
(THD)
Factor of the the output signal of the amplifier with
If Is1=Is then PF=DF
input current the input Isignal
s( peakand) measures the
CF
level
differences in harmonic
Is
Is2  Is21 frequencies between the two. The
HF  It is used toisspecify
difference called total harmonic
Is21 the peak current
distortion.
ratings of devices
1/ 2
 I 
2  and components
HF   s   1

 Is1 
 
 
Is1 is the fundamental
component of the current Is.
Both are expressed in rms
Notes: Page 71 An ideal rectifier has the following Parameters values:

Pdc
  100 %
Pac

Vac  0  Vrms
2
 Vdc
2

Vac
RF  0 
Vdc
Pdc
TUF  1 
VsIs
1/ 2
 I 
2 
HF  THD  0   s   1

 Is1 
 
 
Is1=Is then PF=DF
 Performance Parameters

Single, and 3-phase Rectifies

 1- H/Wave Rectifier – Ex 3-1 1- FWR – Ex 3-4(P78) 3- FWR – Ex 3-10(P94)
T 
T 2 6
2 2 2
1
Vo  Vdc   Vm sin t   Vm sin t  2  3 Vm cos t
T 0 T 0 6 0

Vm 2Vm 3 3 Vm
Also Vaverage   

 


 
T T 6
2 2 2 2
2  3 Vm cos t
 Vm sin t 
2
 Vm sin t 
1
Vrms( out) 
2
 2
6 0
T 0
T 0
3 9 3
    Vm  1.6554Vm

Vm Vm  2 4 
  0.5Vm   0.707Vm
2 2
RMS voltage of the transformer Secondary
T T T
1
  1
  1
 
T 0 T 0 T 0
Vs  Vm sin t
2
Vs  Vm sin t
2
Vs  Vm sin t
2

 0.707Vm  0.707Vm  0.707Vm

1- H/Wave Rectifier – Ex 3-1 1- FWR – Ex 3-4(P78) 3- FWR – Ex 3-10(P94)

Vm 2 Vm 3 3Vm
Vo  Vdc   0.318 Vm   0.6366 Vm   1.654 Vm
  

Vm Vm
Vo (rms )   0.5Vm   0.707 Vm  1.6554Vm
2 2

Vdc 
2
Pdc ( out ) 
R
 Vdc Idc
0.6366 Vm 
2

1.654 Vm 
2


0.318 Vm 
2
R R
R


Vac 
2
 Vac Iac
Pac ( out )
R

0.707 Vm 
2

1.6554 Vm 2

0.5Vm 
2
R R
R
1- H/Wave Rectifier – Ex 3-1 1- FWR – Ex 3-4(P78) 3- FWR – Ex 3-10(P94)

Pdc Vdc Idc

  (0.6366 Vm ) 2 (1.654 Vm ) 2
Pac VrmsIrms  2 
(0.707 Vm ) 2
2 (1.6554 Vm )
(0.38 Vm )
 2  81 %  99 .83 %
(o.5Vm )
FF is the measure of the shape
 40 .5% of the output voltage

Vrms
Form Factor  0.707 Vm 1.655 Vm
Vdc  
0.6366 Vm 1.65 Vm
0.5Vm
  1.11  0.010008
0.138 Vm
 1.57 or 111 % or 1.0008 %
or 157 %
 1- H/Wave Rectifier – Ex 3-1 1- FWR – Ex 3-4(P78) 3- FWR – Ex 3-10(P94)

Vac
Ripple Factor 
 (1.11)  1  (1.0008 )  1
Vdc 2 2

 (FF) 2  1  RF is the measure of

 0.04
 0.482
the ripple content
 (1.57 ) 2  1  1.21 or 4%
or 48 .2%
or 121 %
2
( 0 . 6366 )
Transforme r.  (1.654 )2
Utilization Factor 2(0.707)(0.5) 
3 3x0.707 x0.7804
Pdc  0.5732
TUF 
VsIs  57.32%  0.9542
(0.318 ) 2 1 / TUF  1.75 or 95 .42 %
  0.286
(0.707 )( 0.5) Transformer
or 28 .6% 1.75 times
1- H/Wave Rectifier – Ex 3-1 1- FWR – Ex 3-4(P78) 3- FWR – Ex 3-10(P94)

Peak Inverse =2 Vm
(reverse) blocking  3Vm
Voltage (PIV)
= Vm
Crest Factor  CF
Vm
Vm R
Is(peak ) R
  0.707 Vm
Is 0.5Vm R ?
R 1
1   2 Crust Factor is
 2 0.707 used to specify the
0.5 peak current
ratings of devices
and components
1- H/Wave Rectifier – Ex 3-1 1- FWR – Ex 3-4(P78) 3- FWR – Ex 3-10(P94)

Power Factor  PF
VsIs1
 cos 
VsIs


Is1
cos  
Pac

0.707  2

(1.654) 2
3 3 x0.707 x0.7804
Is VI 2 x 0.707 x 0.5  0.95


0.52  0.707 same as TUF
0.707 x 0.5
 0.707
An ideal rectifier has the following Parameters values:

Pdc
  100 %
Pac

Vac  0  Vrms
2
 Vdc
2

Vac
RF  0 
Vdc
Pdc
TUF  1 
VsIs
1/ 2
 I 
2 
HF  THD  0   s   1
  
 s1 
I

Is1=Is then PF=DF
 1
Transformer Utilization Factor (TUF)
TUF
Signifies that the input transformer, if present, must be 1/TUF
times larger than that when it is used to deliver power from a pure
ac sinusoidal voltage.

1 1 1
TUF TUF TUF
1 1 1
  3.5   1.75   1.048
0.286 0.5732 0.9542
Summary

• Diode rectifiers convert an ac voltage to a dc

voltage.
• The output voltage contain ripples which can
be removed by filters.
• Depending on time constant of the load, the
load current may be discontinuous.
• Line inductances cause overlap and reduce the
effective dc output voltage.
• What was the major idea?
• What was the muddiest idea?