Wish you all A Very Happy & Prosperous New year 2019

Chapter-1
Solid & Liquid Waste Management

Dr.K.K.Meher
Spectrum Renewable Energy India Pvt Ltd
Warnanagar
1.General Characteristics of Waste
 Liquid waste and solid waste
 Waste Parameters
 Treatment methods
2. MPCB standards
3. Eutrophication
 Sources
 Consequences
 Control
 Classification of lakes
4. Environmental Impact assessment
5. Biological safety in laboratory and pharmaceutical
Industry
What is waste?

Waste is any unwanted or useless materials. In biology

waste is any of the many of the unwanted substances or
toxins that are expelled from living organisms, metabolic
wastes.
Solid & Liquid waste parameters

pH

Electrical conductivity (EC)

Total solids (TS)

Total volatile solids (TVS)

Total dissolved solids (TDS)

Total suspended solids (TSS)

Chemical oxygen demand (COD)

Biological Demand (BOD)

Chlorides and sulphates

Oil and grease

“American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)”

 Liquid waste parameters
1. pH :A figure expressing the acidity or alkalinity of a solution on a logarithmic scale
on which 7 is neutral, lower values are more acid and higher values more alkaline.
The pH is equal to −log10 c, where c is the hydrogen ion concentration in moles
per litre.

2. EC: Electrical conductivity is the measure of the amount of electrical current a

material can carry or it's ability to carry a current. Electrical conductivity is also
known as specific conductance. Conductivity is an intrinsic property of a material.
 Units of Electrical Conductivity : It is denoted by the symbol σ and has SI units of siemens per
meter (S/m).

3. Total solids content = dry matter (DM)

The total solids content includes both the suspended solids and dissolved
salts. The total solids content is also used to determine a sludge dry weight
(expressed as a %).
 The total solids content is expressed as a ratio of weights obtained before and after the drying
process. The test protocol consists of placing a sludge sample (25 to 100 mL depending on the sludge
concentration) in an oven at a temperature of 105 °C until a steady mass is obtained.
 If M1 is the weight of the initial (wet) sample and M2 the weight following drying.
 TS= M2 X100 /M1 (in%)
4. Total volatile solids (TVS)
 Dry solids content at 550 °C and volatile matter (VM)
 The residue from the 105°C drying process is heated to 550°C for two hours in a
preheated and thermostatically controlled muffle oven. Silica capsules with
approximately 10 to 20 g of finely crushed dry sludge are normally used.
 The portion of the sludge that gasifies at 550°C is considered as VS.
 VS is considered as an approximation of the organic matter content. The VS is usually
expressed as a % of dry matter.

5. TotalSuspendedsolids

TSS is a standard analysis in the wastewater industry. The results of the TSS
analysis are used to assess the performance of conventional treatment
processes and the need for effluent filtration in reuse applications. It is also
one of the two universally used effluent standards (along with BOD) by which
the performance of treatment plants is judged for regulatory control
purposes.
Measurement of total suspended solids
1. Wash filter paper & dry
2. Cool & weigh filter paper
3. Assemble filtration apparatus
4. Wet filter paper with distilled water
5. Stir sample
6. Pipette 50ml while stirring
7. Filter and wash three times
8. Transfer filter to evaporating dish & dry
9. Cool & weigh
10. Calculate in mg/ L
11. Repeat steps 1 to 10 using 10 ml aliquot

Calculating total suspended solids concentration

Dissolved Solids/L =(A−B)×1000 / mL sample
Where
A = weight of filter paper + dried residue
B = weight of filter paper
Total suspended Solids (TSS) analysis
The TSS test is performed by collecting the total solids portion on a
filter. Typically, a Whatman 934-AH glass microfiber filter (or equivalent)
which has a nominal pore size of 1.5 mm is used for the analysis, and a pre-
determined volume – usually 0.1 L – is passed through the filter. The filter is
weighed before the sample is filtered, and after the filter is dried to a constant
weight at 103-105°C. Commonly, it only takes a couple of 'bake and weigh'
cycles to achieve constant weight, but some samples take longer depending
on the composition of the solids. The final concentration (mg/L, or ppm) is
dependent on the known volume of sample passed through the filter. The
method requires that every batch of samples must contain a negative control
(DI water passed through the filter), and a sample duplicate at a rate of 10%
of the batch. The average of the duplicates should be within 5%.

American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)

Measurement of total dissolved solids (TDS)
 Wash filter paper
 Dry evaporating dish & weigh
 Stir sample
 Pipette 50 ml while stirring
 Filter and wash three times
 Transfer filtrate to evaporating dish & dry
 Cool & weigh
 Calculate in mg/ L

Calculating total dissolved solids concentration:

Dissolved Solids/L =(A−B)×1000 / mL sample
Where
A = weight of dried residue + dish(mg)
B = weight of dish (mg)
 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
 Chemical oxygen demand (COD) is a measure of the capacity of water to
consume oxygen during the decomposition of organic matter and the
oxidation of inorganic chemicals such as Ammonia and nitrite.
 COD measurements are commonly made, on samples of waste waters or of
natural waters contaminated by domestic or industrial wastes.
 Chemical oxygen demand is measured as a standardized laboratory assay in
which a water sample is incubated with a strong chemical oxidant under
specific conditions of temperature and for a particular period of time.
 A commonly used oxidant in COD assays is potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7)
which is used in combination with boiling sulfuric acid (H2SO4). Because this
chemical oxidant is not specific to oxygen-consuming chemicals that are
organic or inorganic, both of these sources of oxygen demand are measured in
a COD assay.
 Biological oxygen demand (BOD)
 It is a bioassay procedure that measures the dissolved oxygen (DO)
consumed by bacteria from the decomposition of organic matter.
 The BOD analysis is an attempt to simulate by a laboratory test the effect
that organic material in a water body will have on the DO in that water
body.
 Biochemical oxygen demand values are a measure of food for naturally
occurring microorganisms or a measure of the concentration of
biodegradable organic material.
 When nutrients are introduced, naturally occurring microorganisms begin
to multiply at an exponential rate, resulting in the reduction of DO in the
water.
 However, the test does not determine the total amount of oxygen
demand present, since many compounds are not oxidized by
microorganisms under conditions of the test.
Why measure BOD?
BOD is an important water quality index parameter. Because it greatly
influences the concentration of DO in the water.
0 to 2 mg BOD /L high water quality, and values greater than 10 mg BOD /L
low water quality.

The BOD5 test is used to examine influents and effluents from wastewater
processing facilities to compute the efficiency of the treatment.

BOD5 test, which uses naturally occurring microorganisms to oxidize the

carbonaceous organic matter, the change in DO concentration is measured
before and after a 5-day period in water samples that are incubated at a
specified temperature (20 °C ± 1 °C) in darkness.

The BOD test results are reported as mg/L

 What is meant by BOD and COD?

COD or Chemical Oxygen Demand is the total measurement of all

chemicals in the water that can be oxidized. BOD or Biological Oxygen
Demand is supposed to measure the amount of food (or organic carbons)
that bacteria can oxidize.

 Why is COD higher than BOD?

In BOD decomposition has to occur with the oxygen dissolved in the water.
Where as in COD the amount of dichromate that has been consumed, is the
equivalent amount of oxygen in mg/L (can be calculated). This test method
oxidises more organic material than the BOD test and therefore
the COD value is always higher than the BOD value.
Maharashtra Pollution Control Board Standards
Treated Effluent Standards for Wastewater Treatment Plants
Sr. No. Parameters Limit Values Unit
1 pH Between 6 to 9.0 Range
2 Oil & Grease Not to Exceed 10 mg/lit
3 Suspended Solids Not to Exceed 100 mg/lit
4 Total Metals Not to Exceed 10 mg/lit
5 BOD Not to Exceed 100 mg/lit
6 COD Not to Exceed 250 mg/lit
7 Ammonical Nitrogen as N Not to Exceed 50 mg/lit
8 Nickel (as Ni) Not to Exceed 3 mg/lit
9 Hexavalent Chromium (as Cr) Not to Exceed 0.1 mg/lit
10 Total Chromium (as Cr) Not to Exceed 2 mg/lit
11 Sulphides as S Not to Exceed 2 mg/lit
12 Sulphates as SO4 Not to Exceed 400 mg/lit
13 Phosphates as P Not to Exceed 5 mg/lit
14 Copper as Cu Not to Exceed 3 mg/lit
15 Cyanide Not to Exceed 0.2 mg/lit
16 Tin Not to Exceed 2 mg/lit
17 BOD 3 days 27 Deg C Not to Exceed 30 mg/lit
18 COD Not to Exceed 250 mg/lit
19 TDS Not to Exceed 2100 mg/lit
20 Total Residual Chlorine as Cl2 Not to Exceed 1 mg/lit
21 Cadmium as Cd Not to Exceed 2 mg/lit
22 Zinc as Zn Not to Exceed 5 mg/lit
23 Lead as Pb Not to Exceed 0.1 mg/lit
24 Iron as Fe Not to Exceed 3 mg/lit
Solid waste
Solid waste :
It is defined as ‘non liquid, non-soluble materials ranging
from municipal garbage to industrial waste that contain
complex & sometimes hazardous.
 Garbage
 Rubbish
 Demolition products
 Sewage treatment residue
 Dead animals
 Manure and other discarded material

 Per capita solid waste out put -0.25 to 2.5 kg/day

What is anaerobic digestion
Typically biogas is composed of:

 Methane (CH4) -50 to 65 %

 Carbon Dioxide (CO2) -25 to 50 %
 Hydrogen (H)- 5 to 10 %
 Nitrogen (N2) -1 to 2 %
 Hydrogen sulphide (H2S) -Traces
 Pathogen removal in AD processes
 Example research results for pathogen removal in AD (Heeb et al.,
2007):

Pathogens Termophilic Mesophilic Ambient

(53-55°C) (35-37°C) (8-25°C)

fatality HRT fatality HRT fatality HRT

Salmonella 100 % 1-2 100 % 7 100 % 44
Shigella 100 % 1 100 % 5 100 % 30
Polivirus - - 100 % 9 - -
Schistosoma 100 % <1 100 % 7 100 % 7-22
ova

Hookworm 100 % 1 100 % 10 90 % 30

Ascaris ova 100 % 2 98.8 % 36 53 % 100
KVIC design plant
Horizontal type plant
 Biogas production from MSW
Phase - I

MSW generation site Collection &Transportation Organic & inorganic

Segregation

Phase-II

Biogas production
Biogas cleaning system Pulverization of organic matter
Phase-IV
Phase-III

Biogas compressor & cylinders Buffer tank Decanter Organic Fertilizer

Liquid waste treatment
Purpose:
To manage water discharged
from homes, businesses, and
industries to reduce the threat
of water pollution.
Wastewater treatment process

 Physical / Chemical
 screening
 sedimentation
 filtration
 precipitation
 chemical destruct

• Biological
 waste stabilization
lagoon
 trickling filter
 rotating biological
contactor
 activated sludge
Treatment efficiencies

 Primary (Physical) Treatment

 40 - 60 % Suspended Solids
 30 - 40 % BOD

 Secondary (Biological) Treatment

 90+ % Suspended Solids
 90+ % BOD
 Removal of “Pollutants” Produces “Residuals”
Often called “Sludge”

Settlable
Suspended
Dissolved
Wastewater Pre Suspended
Organic Treatment Dissolved
Inorganic Effluent

Secondary
Primary
Rock
Grit
Clarifier Secondary
Plastic Clarifier
Etc.
 Settlable
Suspended
Dissolved
Wastewater
Pre
Treatment Suspended
Organic Dissolved Effluent
Inorganic

Secondary
Primary
Rock Grit Clarifier Gas
Secondary
Plastic Etc.
Clarifier

Recycled Water
Digester Digested Sludge
(Supernatant)

(Stabilized)
Anaeroic filter
Wastewater Treatment Parameters

 The wastewater plant lab conducts a number of

measurements and tests on the water.
Suspended solids Temperature
B.O.D. Nitrogen
pH Phosphorus
Heavy metals Priority pollutants

W.E.T (Whole Effluent Toxicity) tests

Eutriphication
What is Eutrophication?

The phenomenon of a sudden increase in the

organic and inorganic nutrient supply in an aquatic
environment is referred to as Eutrophication. These
nutrients are basically nitrogen and phosphorous,
and they favor overgrowth of algae and grazing
bacteria, which then results in oxygen depletion.
Common causes of eutrophication:
Agricultural Fields:
 Runoff from agricultural fields, urban lawns, and similar sources may increase the flow of
nutrients and organic substances into the aquatic ecosystem.
Domestic Sewage:
 Domestic Sewage is rich in nutrients, especially, nitrogen and phosphorous,
which cause eutrophication and algal blooms.
 Organic pollutants from sewage effluents overfeed heterotrophic bacteria,
depleting the dissolved oxygen.
 Sewage was the primary source of phosphorus eutrophication of lakes in the
1960s and 1970s when detergents contained a lot of phosphates.
Industrial Wastes:
 Phosphates are powerful stimulants for algal growth. Thus, the addition of
phosphates from detergents and fertilizers can lead to an algal bloom in
which algae overgrow the water surface. Nitrogen from sewage effluents is
another nutrient that can lead to algal blooms by relieving nitrogen limitation.
Effects of eutrophication:
 Overgrowth of algae can interfere with the health and
diversity of indigenous fish, plant, and animal populations. It
can also limit the recreational use of lakes and estuaries.
 Algal blooms can fully cover up the water surface and
block sunlight, which causes the death of underwater plants
and animals.
 Fish and other marine animals may die due
to depletion of dissolved oxygen. This may lead to a decrease
in aquatic biodiversity.
 Some algal cells present in the algal blooms may also
produce certain harmful toxins. These toxins are harmful to
fishes and birds may cause certain diseases in humans
e.g. diarrhea, gastroenteritis, nausea etc.
Control of eutrophication
 Chemical Approach:
 The growth of algae can be inhibited by
using algicides such ascopper sulfate, sodium
arsenate and 2, 3-dichloro-naphthoquinone.
 Biological Approach:
 Certain cyanophages (i.e. the viruses that can kill algal
cells) are also used to kill algal cells
What is a lake ?
A lake is a large body of natural water collected in a
depression.
Importance of lakes
 Lakes and their shores not only provide us with a
number of environmental benefits but they influence
our quality of life and they strengthen our economy.
 Lake can ease the impact of floods and droughts by
storing large amounts of water and releasing it during
shortages.
 Classification of lakes
 Tectonic lakes : These are formed due to tectonic uplift of a mountain range.
These actions can create bowl- shaped depressions that accumulate water and
form lakes. Examples are the Great Lakes of North America.
 Landslides lakes: Landslide lakes are created by the blockage of a valley by
either mudflows, rockslides. Such lakes are common in mountainous regions.
Although landslide lakes may be large and quite deep, they are typically short-
lived. Eg. The Sun Lakes of Washington.
 Salt lakes :These are formed when there is no natural outlet or where the
water evaporates to contain more salt content in it. Examples are the Great Salt
Lake, the Aral Sea and the Dead Sea.
 Crater lakes :These are formed due to volcanic craters and calderas. Example
is the Crater Lake in Oregon.
 Glacial lakes : These are formed due to melting of glacier, like a kettle lake.
 Artificial lake: A lake is also created by flooding land behind a dam. It is
normally called as an impoundment or reservoir. Typical example is the Hirakud
Dam in India.
 Aeolian lakes : These are lakes produced by wind action. They are found
mainly in arid environments although some
 Solution Lakes : The karst depressions or sinkholes, produced by the
long-term running water solution of the carbonate rocks, when
accumulated water, may form karst lakes, or solution lakes.
 karst area, where grows little grass on the earth's surface, is covered by
sand and broken stones. Beneath the grass, sand, and broken stones is the
thick carbonate rocks. The karst carbonate rocks is apt to be soluted by
the water, including both the permeated water from the earth's surface
and the groundwater
 the cavity is formed after solution , which is going more and more serious,
corresponding the increasingly larger cavity. When it expands to certain
extent and the upper rocks can not bear the pressures of the covered
vegetation, deposit and broken stones on the ground, the cave will
collapse. The collapsed cavity begins to accumulate water gradually, and
thus form the karst lake.
 The solution lakes are not arranged in certain direction, and the shape may
be round, ellipse, or rectangular. The area of the lake is generally not large,
and relatively shallow. In China, the solution lake present in Guizhou
Province, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region.
 Organic lakes :These lakes created by the actions of plants and animals.
They are relatively rare in occurrence and quite small in size. The basins in
which organic lakes occur are associated with beaver dams, coral lakes, or
dams formed by vegetation.
 Aeolion lake solution lake

Land slide lake

Fluvial/glacier lake

Tectonic lake
EIA
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)

 EIA is a systematic process of identifying future

consequences of a current or proposed action.

 Environmental Impact Assessment is defined

as an activity designed to identify the impact on
the bio-geophysical environment, on man and
well-being of legislative proposals, projects,
policies, operational procedures and to
interpret and communicate information.
Objective of EIA:

 The objective of EIA is (i) to identify, predict and

evaluate the economic, environmental and social impact
of development activities (ii) to provide information on
the environmental consequences for decision making
and (iii) to promote environmentally sound and
sustainable development through the identification of
appropriate alternatives and mitigation measures.
Bio safety
Why is Bio safety Important?
 Laboratorians recognize hazards of processing
infectious agents
 Guidelines developed to protect workers in
microbiological and medical labs through engineering
controls, management policies, work practices
 Regulations outline precautions, special practices,
decontamination procedures
 Labs divided into 4 biosafety levels; protective practices
increase with each
Barriers
 Primary barriers: physical barriers or personal
protective equipment between lab worker and
pathogen
◦ Gloves, masks, special breathing apparatuses
 Secondary barriers: structural aspects of the
laboratory that make working environment
safer against infection
◦ Sinks for handwashing, special containment areas,
special air ventilation patterns
Universal Precautions
 Universal precautions developed to protect health
professionals
◦ Most often apply in a clinical setting
◦ May also be important for field epidemiology practices during an
outbreak investigation (e.g., collecting lab specimens)
 Include hand hygiene, gloves, gown, masks, eye
protection, face shields, safe injection practices
 Require that all equipment or contaminated items are
handled to prevent transmission of infectious agents
 Special circumstances may require additional
precautions
◦ Protective clothing, special site decontamination
Bio safety Level -1 (BSL-1)
 Agents not known to cause disease in healthy adults
◦ Some organisms may cause disease in
immunocompromised individuals

 Agents include Bacillus subtilis, Naegleria gruberi,

infectious canine hepatitis virus, non-pathogenic E.
coli species
Bio safety Level - 1 (BSL-1)
 Standard practices adopted
◦ frequent handwashing
◦ door that can be kept closed when working;
◦ limits on access to the lab space when working;
◦ no smoking, eating, drinking, storage of food in
laboratory
◦ care to minimize splashes and actions that may create
aerosols (tiny droplets);
◦ decontamination of work surfaces after every use
after any spills;
Bio safety Level - 1 (BSL-1)
 Standard practices (continued):
◦ decontamination of laboratory wastes;
◦ use of mechanical pipettes only (no mouth pipetting);
◦ "sharps" precautions, including special containers for
disposing of needles and other sharp objects;
◦ maintenance of insect/rodent control program;
◦ use of personal protective equipment (lab coats, latex
gloves, eye protection or face shields)

 Open bench top sink for hand washing

 Bio safety Level - 2 (BSL-2)
 Agents associated with human disease
◦ Generally required for any human-derived blood, bodily
fluids, tissues in which infectious agent may be unknown
 Agents include measles virus, Salmonella species, pathogenic
Toxoplasma, Clostridium botulinum, hepatitis B virus

(transmission electron micrograph of hepatitis B virus)

Bio safety Level - 2 (BSL-2)
 Primary hazards:
◦ accidental needle sticks
◦ exposure to eyes and nose (mucous membranes)
◦ ingestion of infectious materials

 Agents do not cause lethal infections, are not

transmissible via airborne route
◦ (do not cause infection if tiny droplets become airborne and are
inhaled, which might occur if the material were spattered)
◦
 Agents are pathogens for which immunization or
antibiotic treatment is available

 Extreme care should be taken with contaminated

needles and sharp lab instruments
Bio safety Level - 2 (BSL-2)
 Standard practices include BSL-1 plus:
◦ policies to restrict access to lab;
◦ biohazard warning signs posted outside lab;
◦ surveillance of laboratory personnel with appropriate
immunizations offered;
◦ biosafety manual with definitions of needed waste
decontamination or medical surveillance policies;
◦ supervisory staff who have experience working with
infectious agents and specific training for laboratory
personnel in handling these agents
Bio safety Level - 2 (BSL-2)
 Primary barriers: bio safety cabinets or other approved
containment devices

 Personal protective equipment: lab coats, gloves, face

protection as needed

 Protective clothing removed when personnel leave

laboratory area

 Cabinets thoroughly decontaminated daily and

monitored for radiation for personal protection

 Secondary barriers: BSL-1 barriers plus autoclave for

glassware
Bio safety Level - 3 (BSL-3)
 Agents with potential for respiratory transmission, may
cause serious and potentially lethal infection
◦ May be studied at BSL-2 for diagnosis

 Agents include Mycobacterium tuberculosis, St. Louis

encephalitis virus, Francisella tularensis, Coxiella burnetii

(F. tularensis under direct fluorescent antibody stain)

Bio safety Level - 3 (BSL-3)

 Primary hazards: needle sticks, ingestion,

exposure to infectious aerosols
 For example:
◦ Public health surveillance for West Nile virus includes
testing birds
◦ In August 2002, state laboratory worker cut finger
while dissecting bird; 4 days later, had symptoms of
fever, myalgia, recurring sweats, hot flashes
◦ Worker and bird both diagnosed with West Nile
Bio safety Level - 3 (BSL-3)
 Tularemia common source of laboratory-acquired
infection
◦ infections occur while handling infected animals or
experimenting with cultures

◦ Laboratory-acquired infections known to occur but

not reportable before 9/11/2001

◦ Tularemia now classified as potential biological

weapon
Bio safety Level - 3 (BSL-3)
 Standard practices include BSL-2 plus:
◦ strictly controlled access to the lab;
◦ specific training for lab personnel in handling
potentially lethal agents;
◦ decontaminating all waste;
◦ changing contaminated protective lab clothing,
decontaminating lab clothing before
laundering;
◦ institutional policies regarding specimen
collection and storage from workers to
establish exposure
Bio safety Level - 3 (BSL-3)
 Primary barriers:
◦ Similar to BSL-2 personal protective equipment
◦ Respiratory equipment if risk of infection through
inhalation
 Secondary barriers:
◦ All BSL-2 barriers
◦ Corridors separated from direct access to lab
◦ Access through self-closing double doors
◦ Air handling systems to ensure negative air flow (air
flows into the lab)
◦ Air pumped into lab not re-circulated in building
 Bio safety Level - 4 (BSL-4)
 Dangerous and exotic agents with high risk of life-
threatening disease, aerosol-transmitted

 Related agents with unknown risk of transmission

 Agents (all viruses) include Marburg virus, Ebola virus,

viruses that cause Congo-Crimean hemorrhagic fever,
Lassa fever

(transmission electron micrograph of Ebola virus)

Bio safety Level - 4 (BSL-4)
 Primary hazards:
◦ respiratory exposure to infectious aerosols
◦ mucous membrane exposure to infectious droplets
◦ accidental sticks with needles or other sharp objects
contaminated with infectious material
 For example
◦ In late 1960s, 25 laboratory-acquired Marburg
infections, including 5 deaths
◦ Workers studying infected monkeys from Uganda
◦ First documented naturally-occurring human case
occurred in 1975
Bio safety Level - 4 (BSL-4)
 Personnel must receive specialized training in handling
extremely dangerous infectious agents, containment
equipment and functions

 Access to lab is restricted: immunocompromised

persons are never allowed to enter the lab

 Standard practices include BSL-3 plus:

◦ strictly controlled access to the laboratory;
◦ changing clothing before entering and exiting lab
(showering upon exiting recommended);
◦ decontaminating all material exiting facility
 Bio safety Level - 4 (BSL-4)
 Primary barriers:
◦ Bio safety cabinets used at other biosafety levels
◦ Full-body, air-supplied, positive pressure personnel suit

 Secondary barriers:
◦ All physical barriers at BSL-3
◦ isolated zone or a separate building;
◦ dedicated supply and exhaust, vacuum, decontamination
systems;
◦ a recommended absence of windows (or sealed and
resistant to breakage)
 Bio safety Level - 4 (BSL-4)
 BSL-1: high schools, community colleges, municipal drinking
water treatment facilities

 BSL-2: local health departments, universities, state

laboratories, private laboratories (hospitals, health care
systems), industrial laboratories (clinical diagnostic
companies)

 BSL-3: state health departments, universities, private

companies, industry, federal government (NIH, CDC)

 BSL-4: only 15 facilities in the US

◦ 9 federal (CDC, NIH), 4 university (Georgia State University,
University of Texas Medical Branch), 1 state, 1 private
◦ Renovations underway at several labs, new facilities proposed at
additional sites
Bio safety Level

 Example of biosafety
sign posted outside
lab working with
infectious agents
Lab’s biosafety level

Infectious agents under

study

Contact information for

responsible person and 2
emergency contacts
Summary
 Laboratorians have long recognized hazards of
processing infectious agents
 Biosafety guidelines developed to protect workers in
microbiological and medical labs through a combination
of safeguards including engineering controls,
management policies and work practices.
 Issue described differences between biosafety levels
 Help you understand process labs may have to
undertake to identify microorganism, why every lab
cannot test for every organism
AAAchieving human well being is an balancing act

Thank Q