DISASTER MANAGEMENT

AN OVERVIEW
 Types of disaster
• Natural disaster

• Man – made disaster

 Meaning
• Disaster Management is defined as the
organization and management of resources
and responsibilities for dealing with all
humanitarian aspects of emergencies, in
particular preparedness, response and
recovery in order to lessen the impact of
disasters.
• There is no country that is immune from
disaster, though vulnerability to disaster
varies.
• Disasters have a major and long-lasting
impact on people long after the immediate
effect has been mitigated.
• Disasters cannot be totally prevented but
their impact can be reduced.
• Three stages of disaster management and
their characteristics
1.Disaster management plan formation and its
implementation
2. Emergency measures at disaster occurrence
3. Recovery and reconstruction plan
formulation and its implementation.
DISASTER MANAGEMENT CYCLE
• Prevention, Mitigation and Preparedness in
pre-disaster phase
• Response, Rehabilitation and
Reconstruction in post-disaster phase
 PREVENTION AND MITIGATION

• Personal mitigation is a key to national

preparedness.
• Individuals and families train to avoid
unnecessary risks.
• This includes an assessment of possible
risks to personal/family health and to
personal property.
• Eg: installation of an earthquake valve,
houses built on poles/stilts etc.
 DISASTER PREPAREDNESS
• Personal preparedness focuses on preparing
equipment and procedures for use when a
disaster occurs.
• construction of shelters, implementation of
an emergency communication system,
installation of warning devices, creation of
back-up life-line services (e.g., power,
water, sewage), and rehearsing evacuation
plans.
 RESPONSE AND IMMEDIATE RELIEF

• The response phase of an emergency may

commence with Search and Rescue.
• Fulfilling the basic humanitarian needs of
the affected population.
• Relief activities include rescue, relocation,
providing food and water, preventing
disease and disability, repairing vital
services such as telecommunications and
transport, providing temporary shelter and
emergency health care.
 RECOVERY
• The recovery phase starts after the
immediate threat to human life has
subsided.
• The immediate goal of the recovery phase is
to bring the affected area back to some
degree of normalcy.
• Recovery activities include rebuilding
infrastructure, health care and rehabilitation.
• Developing policies and practices to avoid
similar situations in future.
Damage CYCLONE
Potential

Poorer than
Society before

Elements at Risk

Disruption of
Huge Losses/ Normal life &
Damages Development
Suffers
 Damage HAZARD
Potential

Awareness- Effect
on Elements

Quicker
Society Recovery

Elements at Risk
Action Communities
Plans More
Huge Losses/ Resilient
Damages

Reduced More Stable Society

Losses
 Damage HAZARD
Potential

Elements at Risk

Societal Elements
Natural Features People & Live-stock
River/Stream Banks Huts & Semi-permanent Houses
Low-lying Areas Weak Buildings
Sea & Sea-coast Agri. & Horticultural crops
Slopes of hills
Livelihood tools / Equipment
Unsecured personal assets
Public Infrastructure
 Scale of Disaster
Is Dependent on :
• Lead Time Available.
• Intensity of Hazard.
• Duration.
• Spatial Extent.
• Density of Population & Assets.
• Time of Occurrence.
• Vulnerabilities existing in the
Elements at Risk.
•Hazard X Vulnerability =
Disaster
 ELEMENTS AT RISK
• People
• Livestock
• Rural Housing Stock
• Houses Vulnerable
• Crops, Trees,Telephone, Electric
poles
• Boats, Looms, Working Implements
• Personal Property
• Electricity, Water and Food Supplies
• Infrastructure Support
AIMS OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT
• Reduce (Avoid, if possible) the
potential losses from hazards.

• Assure prompt and appropriate

assistance to victims when
necessary.

• Achieve rapid and durable

recovery.
 DISASTER MANAGEMENT CYCLE
PRE-DISASTER DURING DISASTER

NDP : Natural disaster protection

 Stages of Disaster
Cyclone

BEFORE DURING AFTER

Jan - Apr MAY June- Oct

Well Before
Weeks-Months

Just Before - Actual Time

Hours Period

Rescue Relief Rehabilitation Reconstruction

 Role Players in Disasters
• People : Individuals, House -Holds,
Volunteers
• Gram Panchayat : Sarpanch, Panchayati
Secretary, Panchayati Members
• Village Elders : Caste/Community/Religious
Leaders, Teachers, Doctors, Engineers,
Retired Army & Police Personnel
• Govt. Deptl. Officers : Agriculture, Medical,
Engineers (Housing, Roads & Buildings,
Irrigation) Revenue Department, Public
Health, Police etc. NGOs
 DEFINITIONS OF
“VULNERABILITY”
• “The extent to which a community,
structure, service or geographic area is
likely to be damaged or disrupted by
the impact of particular disaster
hazard…”
• “Vulnerability is the propensity of
things to be damaged by a hazard”.
 DISASTER PREPAREDNESS
• Disaster preparedness aims at
minimizing the adverse effects of a hazard -

• Through effective precautionary actions

• Ensure timely, appropriate and efficient

organisation and delivery of emergency
response following the impact of a disaster.
 PREPAREDNESS
• Vulnerability Analysis and Mapping to include
Resources.
• Assess strengthening requirements and execute.
• Funding for preparedness must be arranged.
• Peoples’ cooperation through Political leaders,
elders, Volunteers and NGOs
• Create lead time by interpreting Warnings
• Plan to include movement of resources with time
frame.
• Aim to reduce the destructive potential of
cyclones, timely & appropriate relief to victims
and quick & durable recovery
 Disaster Preparedness
Framework
COMPONENTS OF PREPAREDNESS

Vulnerability Planning Institutional

Assessment Framework
Information Resource Warning
System Base Systems

Response Public Rehearsals

Mechanisms Education
and Training
Disaster Response Activities
• Warning
• Evacuation/Mitigation
• Search and Rescue
• Assessment
• Emergency Relief
• Logistics and Supply
• Communication and information Management
• Survivor Response and coping
• Security
• EOC & coordination
• Expedite rehabilitation and reconstruction.
 Floods and Water Hazards
Elements at Risk Main Mitigation
• Everything in the Strategies.
flood plain. • Land use control
• Earthen or soluble • Engineering of
strictures
structures
• Elevation of structures
• Buried services • Flood control
and utilities structures
• Food stores • Reforestation projects
• Crops and (watershed
management)
livestock
 Strong Winds
Main Mitigation
Elements at Risk
Strategies.
• Lightweight structures.
• Elevated utilities • Structural
(Power and engineering
communication lines) measures.
• Fishing boats and • Planting of
other maritime
industries.
windbreaks.
 Role of geospatial system
• Better data storage
• Better data analysis
• Handy in planning
• Helpful for stakeholders/decision makers
 Components of geospatial
technology

• GIS
• GPS
• Remote sensing
 Application of GIS
• GIS is a tool that allows users to create
interactive queries, analyse the spatial
information, edit data, maps and present the
results of all these operations.
• The specific application in risk assessment
are, hazard mapping to show earthquake,
floods, landslides or fire.
• These maps are used for warning system.
GIS and the Disaster Management
Cycle
• Planning
GIS is useful in helping with forward planning. It provides the
framework for planners and disaster managers to view spatial data by way
of computer based maps.
• Mitigation
– Representation of High risk areas
– Facilitates the implementation of necessary mechanism to lessen
the impact.
• Preparedness
– Identification of emergency areas
– Positions of related departments, Agencies, and Human
Resources
– Make it easier for security and shelters provides to plan the
strategies
– Answer that who is to be based where and at what phase of
emergency

• Response
– Provide accurate information on exact location of an emergency
situation
– Time saving during the determination of trouble areas (Quick
Response)
– Used as floor guide for evacuation routes
• Recovery
– Mapping level of damage
– Information related to disrupted infrastructure, number of
persons died or injured and impact on Environment.
 Advantages of GIS
• Ability to represent geographical information 2D
and 3D
• It provides the facility to integrate the different geo-
spatial information.
• It effectively collect, analyze, manage and distribute
up-to-date information
• It is versatile and easy to use for big purposes, but
requires a little training to get individuals involved
in process.
• The GIS based database provides better
environment for future planning.
 National response mechanism

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“Empowering • logo
stakeholders for
improving the
effectiveness of
disaster
management in
India”
 GOVERNMENT OF INDIA : NODAL
MINISTRIES / DEPARTMENT FOR DISASTER
MANAGEMENT
DISASTERS NODAL MINISTRIES

Natural Disasters Agriculture

Air Accidents Civil Aviation
Civil Strife Home Affairs
Railway Accidents Railways
Chemical Disasters Environment
Biological Disasters Health & family Welfare
Nuclear Accident Atomic Energy
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 CENTRAL SECTOR SCHEME FOR DISASTER
MANAGEMENT - SALIENT FEATURES

•Human resource Development

•Setting up of National Centre for Disaster
Management (NCDM)
•Setting up of Disaster Management Faculties in
States
•Programmes for Community Participation and Public
Awareness
•Observing National Disaster Reduction Day

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