Chapter 1 (Form 5)

RATE OF REACTION

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Introduction
Coal mine explosion occur
almost every year. Many
workers were killed or
seriously injured in each
explosion. Why do coal mines
face a high risk of End
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explosion???

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Answer

 Coal dust usually fills up the air in the tunnel

of a coal mine. The coal dust consist of very
fine solid coal particles floating in the air
which have a very large total exposed
surface area. A spark can cause it to ignite
very rapidly, which spreads through the entire
tunnel and leads to an explosion.

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How KFC can cook Fried chicken in
quickly? 4
Application of The Rate Of reaction In
daily Activities

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A. Rate of Reaction

What is rate of reaction?

 …is the speed at which reactants are
converted into the products in a chemical
reaction.
reactant A + reactant B product
Or
 ..the change in the quantity of reactants or
products per unit time

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A. Rate of Reaction

 Reaction occurs rapidly rate of reaction is

high.

 Reaction occurs slowly rate of reaction is

low.

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A. Rate of Reaction

 Time taken for fast reaction is short.

 Time taken for slow reaction is long.
 Hence, the rate of a particular reaction is
inversely proportional to the time taken for
the reaction.
1
Rateof Re action 
TimeTaken
 Chemical reactions occur at different rates.

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A. Rate of
Reaction

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A. Rate of Reaction
Type of Fast Reaction
Reaction
Reaction involving Bubbles of CO2 gas liberate rapidly
liberation of a gas when sodium carbonate powder
reacts with dilute HCl acid.
Na2CO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) 2NaCl(aq) +
CO2(g) + H2O(l)
Precipitation When silver nitrate solution is
reaction added to sodium chloride solution,
a white precipitate of silver chloride
is formed immediately
AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq) AgCl(s) +
NaNO3(aq)
Slow Reaction
In photosynthesis, carbon dioxide
reacts with water very slowly in the
presence of sunlight and chlorophyll
to produce glucose and oxygen gas
6CO2(g) + 6H2O(l) C6H12O6(s) +
6O2(g)
When dilute HCl acid is added to
sodium thiosulphate solution, a
yellow precipitate of sulphur appears
only after a few second.
Na2S2O3(aq) + 2HCl(aq) 2NaCl(aq)
+ S(s) + SO2(g) + H2O(l)
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A. Rate of Reaction

Type of Fast Reaction Slow Reaction

Reaction
Heating a metal in When small piece of potassium is
air heated in air, it burns rapidly to
form a white solid of potassium
oxide.
4K(s) + O2(g) 2K2O(s)
When small piece of copper is
heated in air, it burns slowly to form
a black solid of copper(II) oxide.
2Cu(s) + O2(g) 2CuO(s)

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A. Rate of Reaction

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Observable changes for measuring the rate
of reaction
1) When a reaction occurs, two obvious
changes that occur are
a) the decrease in quantity of reactant with
time

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Observable changes for measuring the rate
of reaction
1) When a reaction occurs, two obvious
changes that occur are
b) the increase in quantity of product with time

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Observable changes for measuring the rate
of reaction
2) The quantity of reactant/product can be
a) number of moles of a substance
b) mass of a solid
c) volume of a gas
d) concentration of a solution

3) If changes of these quantities are visible and

measurable during a reaction, it can be used to
measure the rate of that reaction.

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Observable changes for measuring the rate
of reaction
4) Suitable measurable visible changes in a chemical
reaction are :
a) volume of a gas liberated
b) formation of precipitate
c) changes in mass during the reaction
d) colour changes
e) change in the electrical conductivity
f) temperature changes
g) pressure changes
h) changes in concentration of a solution of a reactant
i) pH changes

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Observable changes for measuring the rate
of reaction
5) One of these visible changes can be selected
as a suitable quantity to determine the rate of
reaction.
6) Rate of reaction is measured by :
Change in a
selected quantity
Rate of Reaction = _______________
Time taken for the
change occur

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Observable changes for measuring the rate
of reaction
7) Reaction between magnesium and dilute
sulphuric acid
Mg(s) + H2SO4(aq) MgSO4(aq) + H2(g)

a) Two changes are observed:

i) Decrease in the mass of magnesium
(reactant)
ii) Increase in the volume of hydrogen gas
(product)

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Observable changes for measuring the rate
of reaction
7) Reaction between magnesium and dilute
sulphuric acid
Mg(s) + H2SO4(aq) MgSO4(aq) + H2(g)

Decrease in mass
of magnesium
Rate of Reaction = _______________
Time taken

or
Increase in volume
of hydrogen
Rate of Reaction = _______________
Time taken

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Observable changes for measuring the rate
of reaction
8) Units for rate of reaction
a) g s-1 / g min-1 (changes in mass)
b) cm3 s-1 / cm3 min-1 (changes in volume)
c) mol dm-3 s-1 / mol dm-3 min-1 (changes in
concentration)
d) mol s-1 / mol min-1 (changes in number of
moles)

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Ways to measure the rate of reaction

 Rate of reaction can be measured in two

ways:
 Average rate of reaction
- average value of the rate of reaction within a
specified period of time.
 Rate of reaction at a given time

- the actual rate of reaction at that instant. It is

known as instantaneous rate of reaction.

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Ways to measure the rate of reaction

 Example 1.1
0.2 g of magnesium ribbon reacts completely with dilute HCl
acid in 40 seconds. What is the rate of reaction?

Solution :
Total mass of
Rate of reaction = mg reacted
___________
Time taken

= 0.2 g / 40 s
= 0.005 g s-1

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Quick Quiz

2 minutes 23
Answer :

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Do It Yourself 1.1

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TAKE HOME EXERCISE 1.1

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Factors Affecting the Rate of Reaction

1. A reaction can occur at different rates by

changing the reacting conditions.
2. For example:
(a) It is easier to start a fire using sticks rather
that logs due to the difference in the total
exposed surface area of the wood.

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Factors Affecting the Rate of Reaction

b) Blowing air over the glowing charcoal causes it to

ignite brightly and quickly. This is due to the
increase in concentration of oxygen in air.
c) Milk turns sour faster on hot days than on cold days
due to the difference in temperature.
d) The presence of amylase (biological
catalyst/enzyme) in the saliva speeds up the
breakdown of starch to maltose.
e) The manufacture of ammonia gas is carried out at
high pressure to increase the rate of reaction.

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 Refer to Page 5 : Activity 1.1
CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL BOOK

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3. The rate of a reaction can be affected by five
factors:

a) Total surface area of solid reactant or

particle size of solid reactant
b) Concentration of reactant
c) Temperature of reaction
d) Use of catalyst
e) Pressure of reaction involving gaseous
reactant

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Effect of surface area on the rate of
reaction
1. As the particle size of a fixed mass of a solid
reactant becomes smaller, the total surface area
per unit volume becomes larger, hence the rate of
reaction increases.
2. For example, the rate of reaction between 1 g of
zinc powder and 20 cm of 0.2 mol dm-3 HCl acid is
higher than the rate of reaction between 1 g of
granulated zinc and 20 cm of 0.2 mol dm-3 HCl acid.
This is because 1 g of zinc powder has a larger total
exposed surface area than 1 g of granulated zinc.

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3. (a) Reactive metals react with dilute acids to
liberate hydrogen gas.
Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) → MgCl(aq) + H2(g)
Zn(s) + H2SO4(aq) →ZnSO(aq) + H2(g)
(b) Rate of reaction of reactive metals such as
magnesium, zinc or iron with dilute acids is
affected by the size of the metals.
(c) The smaller the size of a fixed mass of
magnesium, zinc or iron, the larger the total
exposed surface area and the higher is the
rate of reaction with dilute hydrochloric acid
or dilute sulphuric acid.

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(d) For example:
 Set I: 1 g of small
pieces of iron + 50 cm
of 0.2 mol dm-3
sulphuric acid
 Set II: 1 g of iron filings
+ 50 cm of 0.2 mol dm-
3 sulphuric acid

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Effect of concentration on the rate of
reaction
1. When the concentration of a reactant
increases, the rate of reaction also increases.
2. For example, the rate of reaction between 1
g of zinc powder and 20 cm of 0.4 mol dm-3
hydrochloric acid is higher than the rate of
reaction between 1 g of zinc powder and 20
cm of 0.2 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid. This is
because 0.4 mol dm- hydrochloric acid is two
times more concentrated than 0.2 mol dm-
hydrochloric acid.

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3. (a) The effect of concentration of a dilute acid on the
rate of reaction involving the liberation of a gas such
as the reaction between
- a reactive metal (Mg/AI/Zn/Fe) and a dilute acid (HCI/H2SO4) to
liberate hydrogen gas
- a carbonate salt and a dilute acid to liberate carbon dioxide gas
can also be investigated experimentally.

(b) Different shapes of curves may be obtained

depending on the volume and concentration of the
dilute acid used. Table 1.10 illustrates some
examples.

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Experiment Initial rate of Maximum volume of Graph
reaction hydrogen gas

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(c)
• In the above examples, the change in the
initial rate of reaction is due to the change in
the concentration of hydrochloric acid.
• The change in the volume of hydrochloric
acid does not affect the initial rate of reaction
but only affects the amount of products
(hydrogen gas) formed.

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Effect of temperature on the rate
of reaction
 An increase in temperature will increase the rate of
reaction.
 For example, the reaction between 1 g of granulated
zinc and 20 cm3 of 0.2 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid
at 60°C is faster than the reaction between 1 g of
granulated zinc and 20 cm3 of 0.2 mol dm-3
hydrochloric acid at 30°C. This is because the
temperature (60°C) of the first set of the experiment
is higher than the temperature (30°C) of the second
set of the experiment.

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3. An example of the effect of temperature on the
rate of reaction is shown below.

(a) The reacting conditions for two sets of

experiments are:

Set I: 3 g of excess marble chips + 50 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3

nitric acid at a temperature of 27.0°C
Set II: 3 g of excess marble chips + 50 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3
nitric acid in a hot water bath at a constant
temperature of 60.0°C

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(b) (i) Initial rate of reaction of set I is lower
than that of set II.
(ii) This is because the temperature of the
reaction for set I is lower than that for set II.
(c) (i) Quantities of marble and nitric acid
used, in mole, in both sets I and II are the
same.
(ii) Thus, the maximum volume of carbon
dioxide gas liberated in both sets I and II are
the same.

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Effect of catalyst on the rate of reaction
 A catalyst is a substance which can alter the rate of
a chemical reaction while itself remains chemically
unchanged at the end of the reaction.
 Catalysts can be classified into positive catalysts
and negative catalysts (inhibitors).
(a) A positive catalyst is a catalyst that increases the
rate of a reaction.
(b) A negative catalyst is a catalyst that lowers the
rate of a reaction.
 A catalyst does not change the quantity of the
products formed.

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 An example of the effect of catalyst on the
rate of reaction is shown below.
(a) The reacting conditions for two sets of
experiments are:

Set I: 2 g of granulated zinc + 25 cm3 of 0.1

mol dm3 hydrochloric acid + 1 cm3 of
copper(II) sulphate solution

Set II: 2 g of granulated zinc + 25 cm3 of 0.1

mol dm3 hydrochloric acid

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 (b) (i) Initial rate of reaction of set I is higher
than that of set II.
(ii) This is because copper(II) sulphate
solution in set I acts as a catalyst to speed
up the reaction.
 (c) (i) The use of copper(II) sulphate as a
catalyst does not change the amount of
products (zinc chloride and hydrogen)
formed.

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(ii) Quantities of zinc and hydrochloric acid
used, in mole, in both sets I and II are the
same.
(iii) Thus, the maximum volume of hydrogen
gas liberated in both sets I and II are the
same.

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Effect of pressure on the rate of reaction

 1. For reactions involving reactants in the

form of solid, liquid and aqueous solution, the
rates of the reactions do not depend on the
pressure.
 2. Only for those reactions that involve
gaseous reactants, the rates of the
reactions will increase when the pressure
increases or vice versa.

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 3. Combustion of petrol in the car engine
(i) Petrol is a liquid mixture of hydrocarbons.
(ii) In the car engine, the mixture of petrol
vapour and air is compressed to a high
pressure so that the mixture can be ignited
rapidly by the spark plug.
(iii) The high pressure results in a high rate of
combustion of petrol.

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