The Katipunan or KKK

• What was the Katipunan or KKK?

• How was it formed?
• What were it’s Fundamental Objectives?
• What was it’s Structure?
• Were women involved? Who were the Notable
Katipuneros?
• How was the society discovered?
• What are the significant events that followed after
the Discovery of KKK?
What was the Katipunan or
KKK ?
• The Katipunan was in a radical platform
mainly to secure the Philippine Independence
through armed revolution. It’s official
newspaper was the “Kalayaan”. It is a secret
organization where members were subjected
to utmost secrecy. Applicants were given
standard initiation rites to become members
of the society. At first, it was only open to
male Filipinos, later women were accepted.
 How was it formed?
• The KKK or Kataas-taasang Kagalang-galangang
Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan, was founded
due to the failure of the Propaganda Movement
and La Liga Filipina.
• Was founded on the night of July 7, 1892 by
Andres Bonifacio who was assisted by TeodorO
Plata, Ladislao Diwa, Valentin Diaz and Deodato
Arellano in a house along Azcarraga St.(now Claro
M. Recto Ave.) near Elcano St in Tondo, Manila.
• Rizal was named as honorary president without
his knowledge.
 What were it’s
Fundamental Objectives?
• Political- it aimed for the separation of the
Philippines to establish a republic after
independence.
• Civic- it aimed to imply the principle of self-help
and defense of the poor and the oppressed.
• Moral- it imposed the teaching of good manners,
hygiene, good morals, attacking obscurantism,
religious fanaticism and weakness of character.
 What was it’s Structure?
• It has 3 governing bodies;
• (1.) Katas-taasang Sanggunian or Supreme
Council
• (2.) Sangguniang-bayan or Provincial Council
• (3.) Sangguniang Balangay or Popular Council
• Katipunan members were divided into three
grades, Katipon, Kawal, Bayani.
 What was it’s Structure?
• First Grade- called, Katipon, password is Anak
ng Bayan. Wore a black hood.
• Second Grade- called, Kawal or soldiers,
password is Gomburza. Wore a green hood
with a triangle consisting of white lines.
• Third Grade- called, Bayani or patriot,
password is Rizal. Wore a red mask and sash
with green borders which symbolizes hope
and courage.
 What was it’s Structure?
• The Katipon could graduate to the Kawal-class
if he had brought several members to the
society while the Kawal could become a
Bayani upon being elected as an officer of the
society.
 Were women involved? Who
were the Notable Katipuneros?
• A section of women was established in the
society: To be admitted, one must be a wife,
daughter or sister of a male katipunero. It was
estimated that from 20-50 women had
become members of the society. Prominent
women were, Josefa Rizal (President),
Gregoria de Jesus(Vice-President), Marina
Dizon(Secretary) and Angelica Rizal
Lopez(Fiscal).
 Were women involved? Who
were the Notable Katipuneros?
• The duties of women members were to take in
new members, see to it that the meetings of
the male members were not disturbed by
raids of the authorities. They acted as a front,
and they were the ones that kept the
important documents of the society.
 Who were the Notable
Katipuneros?
• Andres Bonifacio
• Emilio Aguinaldo
• Emilio Jacinto
• Gregoria de Jesus
• Gregorio del Pilar
• Licerio Geronimo
• Vicente Lukban
• Antonio Luna
• Miguel Malvar y Carpio
• Enrique Pacheco
• Macario Sakay
• Paciano Rizal
• Manuel Tinio
• Julian Felipe
Supporters:
• Melchora Aquino
 How was the Society
discovered?
• The society was discovered because of the nightly
meetings of the new members.
• A misunderstanding between Teodoro Patiño and
Apolonio de la Cruz, both worked for Diario de
Manila. Patiño took revenge by revealing the
secrets of the society to Honoria. He also told Fr.
Mariano Gil of what he knew about the secrets.
• The lithographic stone used to print the
Katipunan receipts was found.
• Rules of society and other pertinent records were
found.
 What are the significant events that
followed after the Discovery of KKK?

• The discovery was followed by mass arrest of

Filipino suspects, also known as “The Reign of
Terror”.
• The Cry of Pugadlawin ( The die is cast)- On
the afternoon of August 22, Bonifacio and his
men brought out their cedulas, tore them to
pieces shouting, Long Live the Philippines!!!
 What are the significant events that
followed after the Discovery of KKK?

• July 1, 1896- Pio Valenzuela disguised as a

blind patient was sent by Bonifacio to Dapitan,
to warn Rizal that revolution would break out
anytime, there would be series of uprisings.
The Katipunan needed strategies, sought
advice from him, to ask for his wise counsel,
and offered to take him out of Dapitan.
Rizal’s stand on Revolution
• Membership was strong among poor and
uneducated, insufficient backing from rich
families, lack military strategies thus need an
organized, disciplined troops needs to operate
discreetly, he suggested that if the revolution
ever breaks out they should take Antonio Luna
the military leader, ask the support of the rich
in Manila, he expressed absolute opposition
to the waging of the revolution because: they
lack logistics, funds, men, and ammunition.
 Rizal’s Homecoming
• 1st Homecoming- Rizal, decided to return to the
Philippines in the latter part of 1887. He was keen on
knowing the effects of Noli and anxious to see Leonor
Rivera who had already married Henry Kipping. He
started to write his second novel, El Fili.
• 2nd Homecoming- On June 26, 1892, he arrived in
Manila. Had a number of interviews with Governor-
general Despujol who interrogated him on his political
activities.
• 3rd Homecoming- Last homecoming and trial, Rizal’s
homecoming in 1896, on November 20, 1896
preliminary investigation began.
 Rizal’s Trial, Arrest, and
Execution
• Rizal was arrested on Sept. 28, 1896 while en
route to Barcelona by the order of Governor-
General Blanco. From the list of 100
lieutenants presented to him, Rizal chose Son
Luis Taviel de Andrade, 1st Lieutenant of the
artillery as his lawyer who was the brother of
1st Lt. Jose Taviel de Andrade, Rizal’s
bodyguard in Calamba in 1887. His enemies
arrested and tortured his friends to implicate
him.
 Rizal’s Trial, Arrest, and
Execution
• December 11, 1896- information charges were
formally read to Rizal in his prison cell, as the
principal organizer and living soul of the
Filipino insurrection and the founder of
societies, periodicals, and books dedicated to
fomenting.
 Rizal’s replies on the
charges against him
• He does not question the jurisdiction of the court
• He has nothing to admit to the charges against
him
• He had nothing to admit on the declarations of
the witnesses, he had not met or knew, against
him
• He has nothing to amend except that during his
exile in Dapitan in 1892, he had not dealt in
political matters.
 Evidences and Documents
as basis for the charged
• A letter of Antonio Luna to Mariano Ponce
• Rizal’s letter to his family
• Letter from Marcelo del Pilar to Deodato Arellano
• Letter of Carlos Olivares to an unidentified person
• A Masonic document honoring Rizal for his patriotic
services.
• A letter signed Dimasalang to Tenluz
• Letter of Ildefonso Laurel to Rizal
• A letter of Marcelo del Pilar to Don Juan Tenluz
• Transcript of a speech of Pingkain (Jacinto)
• Transcript of speech of Tik-tik (Jose Turiano Santiago)
• A poem entitled, “A Talisay”, by Laon Laan (Rizal)
 12 Points to prove Rizal’s
innocence
• He was against rebellion
• He had not written a letter addressed to the Katipunan
• His name was used by the Katipunan without his knowledge
• If he was guilty, he would have left the country while in exile
• Did not deny that he wrote the by-laws of La Liga Filipina, but the
organization was a civic one, not a revolutionary society.
• La Liga banished after his exile in Dapitan
• If La Liga was recognized 9 months later, he had no idea about it
• If La Liga had a revolutionary purpose then the Katipunan would not have
been organized
• If the Spanish authorities found his letters having a bitter atmosphere, it
was because in 1890 his family was being persecuted
• He lived an exemplary life in Dapitan
• Because all his friends were aware that he never advocated violence
 Rizal’s Execution
• On Dec. 26, 1896 at 8:00am, the court-martial of
Rizal started in the military building called Cuartel
de España. On Dec. 28, 1896, Polavieja approved
the decision and ordered Rizal to be shot at 7:00
in the morning of Dec.30, 1896 at Bagumbayan
Field (Luneta). Refused to be blindfolded and
preferred to stand, also refused to be shot with
his back before the soldiers, asserting that he was
never a traitor to the Philippines or to Spain. He
asked to have his spared and uttered,
“Consummatum est!”(It is finished!).
 Magdalo-Magdiwang
Rivalry
• The KKK in Cavite was divided into 2 provincial
councils, Magdalo and Magdiwang. Baldomero
Aguinaldo headed the Magdalo group and
Mariano Alvarez the Magdiwang. The Magdalo
Party believed that a new government is needed
for KKK is exposed. While, the Magdiwang
wanted the KKK to remain for it had a
constitution and by-laws. Bonifacio was invited to
mediate the conflict for he was the recognized
president of the KKK.
 Tejeros Convention
• This is known to be the passing of leadership from the
hands of the masses (Bonifacio) to the hands of the
elite (Aguinaldo). The leaders of the councils gathered
and replaced the KKK with a new government at
Tejeros on March 22, 1897. Aguinaldo won the
presidency and Bonifacio was made sec. of interior.
Bonifacio was insulted by Daniel Tirona declaring
Bonifacio to be maleducated. Out of his anger he
declared, “I as founder and president of this KKK,
declare the Tejeros Convention null and void”.
Bonifacio left the convention not wanting to recognize
Aguinaldo as the new president of the new
government.
 Naik Military Agreement

• The founding of the new government

independent to that of Teheros by Bonifacio
and his men. Bonifacio along with his
followers organized an army with a
commander of their choice to command.
 Trial and Execution of
Bonifacio
• Bonifacio was a threat to Aguinaldo’s
government that he along with his brother
were arrested. Both were accused guilty of
treason and sedition without sufficient
evidences. They were executed on May 10,
1897. Aguinaldo became the sole leader of
the revolution after the death of Bonifacio.