PHASE BRIEF

INSTRUMENT FLYING
Delivered by : SL Usman
Total Slides : 30
Time : 30-35 mints

No 89 CS SQN 1 / 30
 SEQUENCE

Introduction
Why & When to Fly IFR
Basic Definitions
Fundamentals of IF
Exercises
Partial Panel
Spatial disorientation
Questions

No 89 CS SQN 2 / 30
 INTRODUCTION

Instrument Flying (IF)

The control and navigation of an aircraft by reference
to its instruments only

Instrument Flight Rule (IFR)

Rules and regulations established to govern flight

under conditions in which flight by outside visual
reference is not safe

No 89 CS SQN 3 / 30
 WHEN & WHY

Always Fly IFR whenever

• Visibility is less
• In clouds
• At night
• For practice purses
Fly IFR because
• Safe operation
• To transit through clouds
• To gain proficiency

No 89 CS SQN 4 / 30
 DEFINITIONS
Bearing
Radial
Instrument departure
Holding pattern
Letdown
EAC
Penetration altitude
Procedure turn
Safety Altitude
OCL
Break off Altitude
No 89 CS SQN 5 / 30
 DEFINITIONS

Bearing
Bearing is the horizontal angle between the direction of an
object and another object, or between it and that of true north
Bearing is the direction of a given point, measured clock wise
from a specific reference datum

Radial
A directional line/Bearing radiating outward from a radio facility,
usually a VOR
No 89 CS SQN 6 / 30
 DEFINITIONS

Instrument Departure
Standard instrument departure (SID), also known as departure
procedures (DP), is a published flight procedure followed by
aircraft on an IFR flight plan immediately after takeoff from an
airfield

Holding pattern
Holding pattern is a maneuver designed to delay an aircraft
awaiting to land while keeping it within a specified airspace

No 89 CS SQN 7 / 30
 DEFINITIONS

Let down
The procedure adopted commencing from the top of the
descent at the end of cruising through the approach for landing.
It does not include the terminal part of the final approach

EAC
The time at which it is expected that an arriving aircraft will be
cleared to commence approach for a landing

No 89 CS SQN 8 / 30
 DEFINITIONS

Penetration Altitude
The altitude at which aircraft commences the penetration turn
during let down procedure
Below FL 200
Half of the Stack + 2000’
Above FL 200
Half of the Stack + 4000’

No 89 CS SQN 9 / 30
 DEFINITIONS

Procedure turn
A procedure turn is the maneuver prescribed when it is
necessary to perform a course reversal to establish the aircraft
inbound on the same radial

90 / 270⁰

45 / 225⁰

No 89 CS SQN 10 / 30
 DEFINITIONS

Safety Altitude
Lowest safe altitude is an altitude that is at least 500 feet above
any obstacle or terrain within a defined safety buffer region
around a particular route that a pilot might fly
Formula
S. Alt = Highest Obs + 10% of H.O + 1500’
For OPSF
S. Alt = Highest Obs + 10% of H.O + 1500’

No 89 CS SQN 11 / 30
 DEFINITIONS

Obstruction Clearance Limit (OCL)

The height above aerodrome elevation below which the
minimum prescribed vertical clearance cannot be maintained
either on approach or in the event of a missed approach
Formula
OCL= Highest Obs + Aircraft App Limit
For OPSF
OCL = Highest Obs + 300’ =

No 89 CS SQN 12 / 30
 DEFINITIONS

Break Off Altitude

Lowest height at which pilot has to initiate missed approached if
R/W or external references are still not visual during instrument
let down procedure
Formula
B.O Alt= OCL + Pilot Inst Rating
Pilot Inst Rating
White = 200’
Green = 100’
No 89 CS SQN
Master Green = 0’ 13 / 30
 FUNDAMENTALS

Three fundamental skill

• Instrument interpretation
• Cross checks
• Aircraft control

No 89 CS SQN 14 / 30
 INSTRUMENT INTERPRETATION

Two basic types of instruments

• Control Instruments (Primary)
 Attitude Indicator (AH)
 Collective Pitch Indicator
• Performance instruments (Secondary)
 Altimeter
 VVI
 ASI
 DI
 Turn & Slip

No 89 CS SQN 15 / 30
 CROSS CHECKING

Scanning and monitoring two or more instruments to

determine the attitude and performance of an aircraft

The instruments including in the scan are dependent

upon the maneuver performed

No 89 CS SQN 16 / 30
 CROSS CHECKING

Cross check errors

• Fixation: Staring one instrument too long
• Omission: Inadvertently omitting an instrument from cross
checks
• Emphasis: concentrating too heavily on one or two
instruments

No 89 CS SQN 17 / 30
 CONTROL OF AIRCRAFT

In instrument flying, control of the aircraft is maintained

by collective, cyclic and yaw pedals after interpreting
and understanding the information displayed by the
instruments

No 89 CS SQN 18 / 30
 ADDITIONAL CHECKS

During start up call, inform ATC that starting up for IF

Stack & EAC to be taken along with taxi instructions

Time check to be done with the ATC

No 89 CS SQN 19 / 30
 INSTRUMENT CHECKS
Before take off

 A/H - Erect ( Cage if req )

 Altimeter - A/F Elevation (29 ft)

 VVI - Zero

 DI - Check

 Clock - Cx Serviceability

 GPS - Serviceable
No 89 CS SQN 20 / 30
 TAKE OFF

Captain will execute take off

Co-pilot will remain visual

Co-pilot gets on Instruments at 300 ft AGL

At 500 ft AGL, Co-pilot take over the controls

No 89 CS SQN 21 / 30
 AREA EXERCISES
Increase of Speed
 Cyclic forward and Collective Increase
 Adjust Attitude while increasing speed
 3-4 Kts short of required speed, readjust the Cyclic / Collective for
the new speed
 Re trim
Decrease of Speed
 Collective Reduce and Cyclic back
 Adjust Attitude while Decreasing speed
 3-4 Kts short of required speed, readjust the Cyclic / Collective
for the new speed
 Re trim
No 89 CS SQN 22 / 30
 AREA EXERCISES
Turns 15 /30O AOB
Maintain IF speed 60 Kts

No change in attitude

Cross check with stand by A/H

Add power

No 89 CS SQN 23 / 30
 AREA EXERCISES

Vertical S ‘A’
R.O.D constant 500 Fpm
Speed constant 60 KIAS
Heading Constant
Vertical S ‘B’
Same as ‘A’ Except Bank Constant 15º

No 89 CS SQN 24 / 30
 AREA EXERCISES

Vertical S ‘C’

Same as ‘B’ except reversing bank before second

descend

Vertical S ‘D’

Same as ‘C’ except all descents & climbs with opposite

No 89 CS SQN 25 / 30
 AREA EXERCISES

Turns on stand by compass

Turning Towards South
• Delay The Roll out by 20º
Turning Towards North
• Start to Roll out Early by 20º
Turning Towards East or West
• Roll out Early by 5º
No 89 CS SQN 26 / 30
 AREA EXERCISES

Interception

Interception of a course means to maneuver the aircraft

on to a particular path in the air

The angle between a pre-determined heading and the

heading on which an aircraft is flown for interception, is
called interception angle
No 89 CS SQN 27 / 30
 AREA EXERCISES
Inbound Interception
Tune, Identify, Monitor the ADF
Check DI , Put the Required Heading on top
Parallel the Course ( turn on DI )
See the Difference of Head of Bearing Indicator from the Heading
Add 30° into it ( Total Correction ≤ 90° )
Turn into the Head of the Needle by this amount
Put the new Heading on Top of the Compass Card
When the Head of the Needle is 2° Short of the Heading to be
intercepted, rollout onto that Heading
No 89 CS SQN 28 / 30
 AREA EXERCISES
Outbound Interception
Tune, Identify, Monitor the ADF
Check DI , Put the Required Heading on top
Parallel the Course ( turn on DI )
See the Difference of tail of Bearing Indicator from the Heading
Add 30° into it ( Total Correction ≤ 45° )
Turn into the head of the needle by this amount
Put the new heading on top of the compass card
When tail of the needle is 2° short of the Heading to be intercepted,
rollout onto that Heading
No 89 CS SQN 29 / 30
 SPATIAL DISORIENTATION

Whenever in doubt , believe your instruments

Never move your head abruptly in turns
In case of sensory confusion, believe your eyes
Do not fly with ENT problems
Do not fly while on medication
Watch out for flying fatigue
IF is all about procedures and practice
No 89 CS SQN 30 / 30