Reported by:

Jomer Sampayan
Kyle Harry Magdasoc
James Ransome Atun
 Universality
• Literature appeals to everyone, regardless of
culture, race, sex and time which are all
considered significant.
 Artistry
• Literature has an aesthetic appeal and thus
possesses a sense of beauty.
 Intellectual Value
• Literature stimulates critical thinking that
enriches mental processes of abstract and
reasoning, making man realize the fundamental
truths and its nature.
 Suggestiveness
• Literature unravels and conjures man’s emotional
power to define symbolisms, nuances, implied
meanings, image and messages, giving and
evoking visions above and beyond the plane of
ordinary life and experience.
 Spiritual Value
• Literature elevates the spirit and the soul and
thus has the power to motivate and inspire,
drawn from the suggested morals or lessons of
the different literary genres.
 Permanence
• Literature endures across time and draws out the
time factor: timeliness, occurring at a particular
time, and timelessness, remaining invariable
throughout time.
 Style
• Literature presents peculiar way/s on how man
sees life as evidenced by the formation of his
ideas, forms, structures, and expressions which
are marked by their memorable substance.
The study of literature appeals in
different aspects and importance.
 Cultural Model
• Literature aims to understand and appreciate
cultures and ideologies different from one’s own
in time and space.
 Language Model
• Literature aims to promote language
development like vocabulary and structure.
 Personal Growth Model
• Literature aims to help one achieve lasting
pleasure and deep satisfaction in reading.
 Literature is classified differently
according to its usage. Some
classification include:

• Structure
• Form
• Genre
 Fiction is a literary work of imaginative
narration, etheir oral or written,
fashioned to entertain and to make
readers think and more so, to feel.
 Non-fiction is a literary work of real life
narration or exposition based on history
and facts whose main thrust is intellectual
appeal to convey facts, theories,
generalizations, or concepts about a
particular topic.
 Prose is a literary work that is spoken or
written within the common flow of
language in sentence and paragraphs
which given information, relate events,
express ideas, or present opinions.
 Poetry is a literary work expresses in
verse, measure, rhythm, sound, and
imaginative language and creates an
emotional response to an experience,
feeling, or fact.
 Fiction
 Poetry
 Essay
 Drama
 Prose
 Literatureis viewed intrinsically,
independent of the author, age, or any
other extrinsic factor. The study of the
selection is more or less based on the so-
called literary elements.
 Literature is viewed to discuss man and
its nature. It presents man as essentially
rational; that is endowed with intellect
and free
Literature is seen both
as a reflection and
product of the times and
circumstances in which
it was written.
 Literature
is viewed as the expression of
man within a given social situation which
is reduced to discussions on economics,
in which men are somewhat simplistically
divided into haves and haves not, thus
passing into the “proletarian approach”
which tends to underscore the conflict
between the two classes.
Literatureis seen as one
of the manifestation and
vehicles of nation’s or
race’s culture and
tradition.
Literature is viewed as the
expression of “personality”,
of “inner drives,” of
“neurosis.” It includes the
psychology of the author, of
the characters and even the
psychology of creation.
Literature is viewed to
elucidate “reaction-
response” which is
considered as something
very personal, relative, and
fruitful.
 Fiction is a narrative in prose that shows
an imaginative recreation and
reconstruction of life and presents human
life in two levels – the world of objective
reality made up of human actions and
experiences, and the world of subjective
reality dealing with human apprehension
and comprehension. Fiction is
categorized either as novel or short story.
 Setting is the time and place in which the
events of a story occur.
 Characters are the representations of a
human being in a story.
 Characterization – is the method used by
the writer to reveal the personality of the
characters.
 The characters are revealed according
to:
• Actions of the characters
• Thoughts of the characters
• Descriptions of the characters
• Descriptions of other characters
• Descriptions of the author
 According to Principality:
• Protagonist is the character
with whom the reader
empathizes.
• Antagonist is the character that
goes against the main
character, usually the
protagonist.
 According to development:
• Dynamic is the character that
exhibits noticeable
development
• Static is the character who
exhibits no changes and
development.
 According to Personality:
• Round is the character that
displays different/multiple
personalities throughout the story.
• Flat is the character that reveals
conventional traits, who remains
the same throughout the story.
the sequence of events in the
story, arranged and linked by
causality.
 Linear Plot moves with the natural
sequence of events where actions are
arranged sequentially.
 Circular Plot is a kind of plot where linear
development of the story merges with an
interruption in the chronological order to
show an event that happened in the past.
 En Medias Res is a kind of plot where the
story commences in the middle part of
the action.
 Exposition is the part of the plot that sets the
scene by introducing the situation and
setting and likewise lays out the characters
by introducing their environment,
characteristics, pursuit, purposes,
limitations, potentials and basic
assumptions.
 Complication is the start of the major
conflict or problem in the plot.
 Crisis is the part that establishes curiosity,
uncertainty and tension; it requires a
decision.
 Climax is the peak of the story which
leads to an affirmation, a decision, an
action, or even a realization.
 Denouement is the finishing of things
right after the climax, and shows the
resolution of the plot.
 Ending is the part that brings the story
back to its equilibrium.
 Flashback is the writer’s use of
interruption of the chronological
sequence of a story to go back to related
incidents which occurred prior to the
beginning of the story.
 Foreshadowing is the writer’s use of hints
or clues to indicate events that will occur
later in the story.
is the opposition of persons or forces
in the story that give rise to the
dramatic action in a literary work.
 Person vs. Person is a type of conflict
where one character in the story has a
problem with one or more of the other
characters.
 Person vs. Society is a type of conflict
where a character has a conflict or
problem with some element of society –
the school, the law, the accepted way of
doing things, and so on.
 Person vs. Self is a type of conflict where
a character has trouble deciding what to
do in a particular situation.
 Person vs. Nature is a type of conflict
where a character has a problem with
some natural happening; a snowstorm, an
avalanche, the bitter cold, or any
elements common to nature.
 Personvs. Fate is a type of conflict where
a character has to battle seems to be an
uncontrollable problem. Whenever the
problem seems to be strange or
unbelievable coincidence, fate can be
considered the cause and effect.
determines the narrator of the
story, the one who tells it from
different point of view.
 First
– Person Point of View is a character
– narrator who tells the story in the “I”
voice, expressing his own views. He is
either a minor or main character that tells
the story in his own words.
 Third–Person Omniscient Point of View
has a narrator that tells the story from an
all-knowing point of view. He sees the
mind of all the characters.
 Third– Person Limited Point of View has a
narrator that tells only what he can see or
hear “inside the world” of the story. This
narrator is otherwise known as “camera
technique narrator” as he does not reveal
what the characters are thinking and
feeling.
 Third– Person Central Point of View has a
narrator that limits narration to what the
central character thinks, feels, does, and
what and whom the central character
observes.
 Third – Person Editorial Point of View has
a narrator that comments on the action by
telling the readers its significance or
evaluating the behaviour of the
characters.
a significant truth about life and its
nature which takes place in the
illustrations of the actions,
preoccupations, and decisions of the
characters.
 It reports for all major details of the story.
 It may be avowed in more than one way.
 It is stated in complete statements
 It asserts a sweeping statement about
life.
 It avoids statement that condense the
theme to some familiar adage, aphorism,
dictum, maxim, saying, or value.
Poetry is a patterned form of verbal
or written expression of ideas in,
imaginative, and rhythmical terms
that often contain the elements of
sound , structure. It is considered as
the oldest literary form.
Is often considered as the most
difficult and most sophisticated of all
literary genres. One of its distinct
characteristic is that it is briefly
written but it suggests many
connotations. As compared to other
literary forms, it is more musical.
Denotation vs. Connotation
• Denotation is the dictionary
meaning of the word while
Connotation is the suggested or
implied meaning/s associated with
the word beyond its dictionary
definition.
Imagery is the use of sensory details
or descriptions that appeal to one or
more of the five senses: sight,
hearing, touch, taste, and smell.
These are otherwise known as
“sense of the mind”
Figurative Language is a language
used for descriptive effect in order
to convey ideas or emotions which
are not literally true but express
some truth beyond the literal level.
specific devices or a kind of
figurative language that uses
words, phrases, and sentences in
a non-literal definition but,
rather, gives meanings in
abstraction.
a reference in a work of literature to
a character, a place, or a situation
from history, literature, the Bible,
mythology, scientific event,
character, or place.
 I imagine myself thus,
my fearless navigator, as you
scribe;
Antonio Pigafetta annotating
the progress of our journey inside
the Trinidad, the sturdy galleon
of our newfangled love.
-Ralph Semino Galan, “You Name”
a disparity of words or ideas.

It is virtually a sea but dry like a

heart
That has forgotten compassion.
-Mike Maniquiz, “Lahar On My Mind”
an address to an inanimate object,
an idea, or a person who is
absent/long dead.
For what were you before the birth
of the daystar,
O my
soul where were you in that deep
and darkest night?
Leonides Benesa,
-“Fragments: The Deserts of God”
 an
exaggeration used to express strong
emotion, to make a point, or to evoke
humor.

“this heat,” I mutter

“melts the very bones.”
-Merlie M. Alunan, “Young Man in a Jeepney”
acontrast or discrepancy between
appearance and reality.

Neither is man aware of the unkind

flight of time; for, though it gives him
life,
it is dragging him nearer his grave.
-Juan de Atayde, “The Man”
adeliberate sarcasm used to affirm by
negating its opposite.

Even in his plain dress,

I find him not at all displeasing.
-Anonymous
implies comparison instead of a
direct statement and that equates
two seemingly unlike things or
ideas.
 Forgive these words that love
impart,
And pleading, bare the poet’s
breast;
And if a rose with thorns thou art,
Yet on my breast that rose may
rest.
-Fernando Maramag, “Rural Maid”
used of one word to stand for a
related term or replacement of word
that relates to the thing or person to
be named for the name itself.
 To say that the crown will have an
heir
Is to assume a new life, a new
beginning
(the crown substitutes for the word
majesty, king
Queen, and the like)
-Anonymous
the use of a word/phrase that
actually imitates or suggests the
sound of what it describes.
 And early evening, like
croaking
of the frogs, evoking memories
lost.
-Ralph Semino Galan, “Cartanella”
putting together two opposite ideas
in one statement.
It is futile to ask for guidance or direction
in this unmappable landscape, the history
and scene of our unending sacrifice.
-Francis M. Santos, “Strum and Drug”
a phrase or statement that seems to
be impossible or contradictory but
is nevertheless true, literally or
figuratively.
 This shows
The absolute necessity
Of what has “no use”

-Chuang Tzu, “The Useless”

 givinghuman attributes/characteristics
to inanimate objects, an animal, force of
nature, or an idea.
 Sunflower pushed
Out of the shadows
Betrayed into tracking
The sun.
-Ramon T. Torrevillas, “Assylum Flowers”
 usesa word or phrase such as “as” or
“like” to compare seemingly unlike
things or ideas.
 His lips as soft as rose petals
Softly dry my tear drenched face
Melting the cold spell i cast upon
myself.

-Judi Anro Dizon, “The One I Love”

 Narrative Poem is a poem that tells a
story.
 Lyric Poem is descriptive or expository
in nature where the poet is concerned
mainly with presenting a scene in words,
conveying sensory richness of his
subject, or the revelation of ideas or
emotions.
 Dramatic Poem is a poem where a story
is told through the verse dialogue of the
characters and a narrator.
 is
achieved not only when one has
comprehended the plain sense or
information communicated by the poem.
Tone is the writer’s attitude toward
his subject, mood and moral view.
Symbol is an image that becomes so
suggestive that it takes on much
more meaning than its descriptive
value.
 Essay comes from the French word,
ESSAI, which means trial or test.

 Itis a prose composition of moderate

length devoted to a single topic from
limited point of view.
 Idea explore the general proposition or
thesis that the essay argues about its
topic whether it is spelled out fully at
the start or revealed gradually.
 Motive identifies the reason for writing,
which is suggested at the start of the
essay and echoed throughout.
 Structure forms the shape of the ideas,
the sequence of sub-topics and sections
through which ideas are unfolded and
developed.
 Evidences identify the facts or details,
summarized or quoted that one uses to
support, demonstrate, and prove the
main idea and sub ideas.
 Explanations are bits of background
information, summary context to orient
the reader/s who are not familiar with the
text being discussed.
 Coherence shapes the smooth flow of
argument created by transition sentence
that show how the next paragraph or
section follows from the preceding one,
thus sustaining momentum and echoing
keywords or resonant phrases quoted or
stated earlier.
 Implication places speculation on the
general significance of the particular
analysis of a particular text.
 Presence points out the sensation of life
in writing of a mind invested in and
focused on a subject, freely directing and
developing the essay.
Strictor Impersonal deals with
serious topics that are authoritative
and scholarly in treatment.
 Casual or Familiar deals with light,
ordinary even common place in subjects
in a language that is bubbling, casual,
conversational, friendly, often humorous
and appeals more to the emotion than the
intellect, touching on sensitivity first then
the mind.
 Introduction hints or relates to the main
thesis.
 Main Body presents the discussion and
illustration of the main ideas raised.
 Conclusion presents the generalization
or insights of the essay.
 1-7. Enumerate the literary standards

 8-10. Give the 3 literary models

 11. a
literary work of imaginative
narration, etheir oral or written,
fashioned to entertain and to make
readers think and more so, to feel.
 12. A
literary work that is spoken or written
within the common flow of language in
sentence and paragraphs which given
information, relate events, express ideas, or
present opinions.

 13. Anapproach where Literature is viewed

intrinsically, independent of the author, age,
or any other extrinsic factor. The study of
the selection is more or less based on the
so-called literary elements.
 14. Anapproach where Literature is
viewed as the expression of man within a
given social situation which is reduced to
discussions on economics, in which men
are somewhat simplistically divided into
haves and haves not, thus passing into the
“proletarian approach” which tends to
underscore the conflict between the two
classes.
 15.An approach where Literature is
viewed to elucidate “reaction-response”
which is considered as something very
personal, relative, and fruitful.
 16-18. Give the elements of fiction
 19-20. Give the 2 kinds of character
 21-26. Give the parts of a plot
 27-30. Give at least 4 different figures of
speech