Chapter 3

Validity
and
Reliability
Validity
- The quality of the
instrument of being
functional within its specific
purpose.
- An instrument is valid if it
measures what it is
supposed to measure.
 Types of Validity
1. Face Validity
- Also known as logical
validity
- Involves an analysis of
whether the instrument
is using a valid scale
 Types of Validity
1. Face Validity
- By looking at the instrument
the researcher decides if it
has face validity, it includes
the font size, spacing, the
size of the paper used and
other necessary details.
 Types of Validity
2. Content Validity
- Determined by studying
the question to see
whether they are able to
elicit the necessary
information.
 Types of Validity
2. Content Validity
- A group of expert assess the
items of the questionnaire
and determine if the items
measure the variables being
studied.
 Types of Validity
3. Construct Validity
- Refers to whether the
test corresponds with
its theoretical
construct.
 Types of Validity
4. Criterion related Validity
or equivalent test
- It is an expression of
how scores from the test
are correlated with an
external criterion.
reliability
- Refers to the
consistency of the
results of an
instrument in
repeated trials.
“while a valid
instrument is always
reliable, a reliable
instrument is not
always necessary
valid.”
 Methods in
Establishing Reliability
1. Test-retest or stability
- Same test is given to the same
respondent twice.
- If there are high correlation
index, it means that there is
also a high reliability of the test.
 Methods in
Establishing Reliability
2. Internal consistency
- If the test question is design to
measure single basic concept, it
is reasonable to assume that a
respondent who gets one item
right is likely to be right in
another similar item.
 Other criteria for assessing
validity and reliability
1. Sensitivity
- The instrument should be able
to identify a case correctly.
2. Specificity
- It should be able to identify
non-case correctly.
 Other criteria for assessing
validity and reliability
3. Comprehensibility
- Should be able to comprehend the
behavior required for accurate and
valid measurements.
4. Speed
- It should not rush the measuring
process so that he or she can obtain
reliable measurements.
 Other criteria for assessing
validity and reliability
5. Precision
- It should discriminate among people who
exhibit varying degrees of an attribute as
precisely as possible.
6. Range
- It should be capable of detecting the
smallest expected value of the variable to
the largest, in order to obtain meaningful
measurements.
 Other criteria for assessing
validity and reliability
7. Linearity
- Researcher normally strives to
construct measures that are equally
accurate and sensitive over the entire
range of values.
8. Reactivity
- It should avoid affecting the attribute
being measured.