Introduction

As we know that almost all human activities depends on

light. Sun is a prime natural source of light but
artificial lighting plays almost main role in our daily
life. These artificial lights are produced by
mechanical lamps and electrical lamps.
But due to poor performance the mechanical light are
totally replaced by electrical lights. The electrical
lighting are mainly used for decorative purpose,
advertising, traffic control , medical field and street
lighting etc.
 Light
Electromagnetic radiation that the unaided
human eye can perceive, having a wavelength
in the range from about 370 to 800
nanometers (nm) and propagating at the
speed of 299,792.5 km/sec.
 Light is emitted from a body due to any of the following
phenomenon.
• Incandescence: Solids and liquids emit visible radiation when
they are heated to temperatures about 1000K. The intensity
increases and the appearance become whiter as the temperature
increases.

• Electric Discharge: When an electric current is passed through a

gas the atoms and molecules emit radiation whose spectrum is
characteristic of the elements present.

• Electro luminescence: Light is generated when electric current is

passed through certain solids such as semiconductor or phosphor
materials.
• Photoluminescence: Radiation at one wavelength is absorbed,
usually by a solid, and re-emitted at a different wavelength. When
the re-emitted radiation is visible the phenomenon may be
termed either fluorescence or phosphorescence.
mechanical lamps and electrical
lamps
mechanical lamps and electrical
lamps
 Electrical Lighting
Electrical lighting has following advantages :
1. Cleanliness
2. Easy to control
3. Economical
4. Easy to handle
5. Steady output
6. Better reliability
7. Suitable for almost all purposes etc.
Electrical Lighting
Terms used in Illumination
1. Light
2. Luminous flux
3. Lumen
4. Plane angle
5. Solid angle
6. Steradian
7. Candle power
8. Luminous intensity reduction factor
9. Glare
10. Lamp efficiency
light
That part of radiant energy
from a hot body which
produces the visual sensation
on human eye is called light.
light
Luminous Flux
The total quantity of radiant
energy per second responsible for
visual sensation from a luminous
body is called Luminous Flux.
Luminous Flux
Lumen
 It is the unit of luminous flux.
One lumen is defined as the
luminous flux emitted per unit
solid angle from a point source of
one candle power.
 Plane Angle
The angle subtended at a point by two converging lines lying in the same plane is
called plane angle. It is measured in radians and equal to the ratio of the length of
the arc to its radius,
θ = arc/ radius = l/ r radians
 Solid Angle
The angle subtended by the partial surface area of a sphere at its center is called as
solid angle. It is measured in steradians and equal to the ratio of area of the surface
to the square of radius of sphere,
ω = area of surface/ square of radius = A/ r2 steradians
Solid Angle
Steradian
 the unit of solid angle. One steradian
is defined as the solid angle that is
subtended at the centre of a sphere
by its surface having area equal to
radius square,
 ω = area of surface/ square of
radius = A/ r2 steradians
Steradian
Candle Power
 The light radiating capacity of a source is
called its candle power. The number of
lumens given out by a source per unit
solid angle in a given direction is called its
candle power. It is denoted by C.P.
Total flux emitted = CP X solid angle
= 1 X 4π = 4π lumens
= 4π lumens
Luminous Intensity
 Luminous intensity in any particular
direction is the luminous flux emitted by
the source per unit solid angle in that
direction.
 It is denoted by I and its unit is candela
or candle power (CP) .
 Luminous intensity of source in a
particular direction, I = φ / ω
Luminous Intensity
 Reduction Factor
reduction factor of a source of light is the
ratio of its mean spherical candle power
to its mean horizontal candle power.

Reduction factor = MSCP/ MHCP

MEAN HORIZONTAL CANDLE-POWER
The average value of the candle-power of a light source in all directions in a horizontal plane
through the source,
MEAN SPHERICAL CANDLE-POWER

•Mean Spherical Candle Power, a unit of measure that represents the average output of a
light source measured in all directions (360°)
Illumination
When light falls on a surface, it becomes
visible, the phenomenon is called as
illumination.
It is defined as luminous flux falling on a
surface per unit area. It is denoted by E
and measured in lumen per square
meter or meter- candle.
E = Ф / A lux
Lux
One meter candle or lux is defined as the
illumination produced by a uniform
source of one CP on the inner surface of
a sphere of radius one meter.
 Glare
In the human eye, the opening of pupil is controlled
by its iris which depends upon the intensity of light
received by the eye. If the eye is exposed to a very
bright source of light, the pupil of the eye contracts
automatically in order to reduce the amount of light
admitted and prevent damage to the retina. This
effect is called glare.
Glare is defined as the brightness within the field of
vision of such a character so as to cause discomfort
and interference in vision.
Glare
 Lamp Efficiency
It is defined as the visible radiations emitted
by it in lumens per watt.
Usually, the light sources do not radiate
energy only in the visible spectrum. The
radiant energy is also accompanied with
infrared and ultra violet radiations.
Sun light produces majority of radiations in
the visible spectrum. The tungsten lamp
produces small radiations so its efficiency is
very poor.
 Lamp efficiency

The efficiency of fluorescent lamp is more than

tungsten lamp.
Reflection Factor

Whole of the light incident on a reflecting

surface is not reflected. Some portion of it is
absorbed by the surface.
The ratio of the reflected light to the incident
light is called reflection factor.
Law of Illumination

The illumination on a surface depends upon

the luminous intensity, distance between the
source and surface and the direction of rays
of light. It is governed by following laws :
1. Inverse square law
2. Lambert’s cosine law
Inverse square law
 Inverse Square
Law

It states that the illumination of a surface is inversely proportional

to the square of the distance of the surface from the source.
E α I/d2
 Lambert’s
Cosine Law

This law states that the illumination on any surface is proportional to

the cosine of angle between the direction of the incident flux and
perpendicular to the area. E= I Cos α
d2