Cohesion and Its Application to Pedagogy

Nur Fathiyyah (19716251004)

Okta Lesagia (19716251011)

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 Contents

1 2 3
Explanation Quiz Q&A
 Cohesion

Application

Types

Definition
 Definition

The concept of cohesion is semantic one, it refers to relation of

meaning that exists within the text and define it as a text. Cohesion
occurs where the interpretation of some element in the discourse is

dependent on that of another. Hence, cohesive relation works

to help a text hang together (Halliday & Hasan,1994: 4).
Five Different Types of Cohesion
Reference

Subtitution

Cohesion Ellipsis

Conjuction

Lexical Cohesion

(Nunan, 1993:21)
 Reference
Anaphoric
Anaphoric reference signifies a word or a
phrase that refers to another word or phrase
used earlier in the text.
Example:
Yeni : “Can I have an egg and burger?”
Yusuf : “Would you like cheese with that?”
Yeni : “Yes, and a large fries please.”
Yusuf : “Would you like any drinks or a
dessert with that?”
Yeni : “No, thanks.”
Cataphoric
Cataphoric reference describes the
use of a word or phrase that refers
to another word or phrase which is
used later in the text.
Example:
When I told him, Andro didn’t really
believe me.
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 Three Sub-Types of Referential Cohesion
(Halliday and Hasan, 1976)

Personal Reference
Rasyid is a father. He has two beautiful daughters.

Comparative Reference
Demonstrative Reference
IPermata : “Would
met him/her on a you
rainylike
afternoon
these seats?”
in September. That was the best day of my life.
Desi : “No, as a matter of fact. I’d like the other seats.
Types of Demonstrative Reference

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 Ellipsis
It can be improving the readers understanding of a piece of writing. It happens when, after a more
specific mention words are missed out when the phrase need to be repeated.

Nominal Ellipsis
My kids play an awful lot of sport.
Both (my kids) are incredibly energetic.

Verbal Ellipsis
Clausal Ellipsis
Imron: “Have
Anis : “Eka’s
you staying for dinner, isn’t he?”
been working?”
Ita : “Yes
Desitha : “IsI have
he? He didn’t
(been tell me (he was staying for dinner)”
working)”

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 SUBSTITUTION

Nominal Substitution
There are some new tennis balls. These ones have lost their bounce.

Verbal Substitution
Hisyam : “I read several journals everyday”
Aziiz : “So do I”
Clausal Substitution
Nunu : “Is it going to rain?”
Ulfa : “I think so.”

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 Conjunction
Words that connect other words or 1 Temporal Conjunction
groups of words in a sentence are
called conjunctions. 2 Causal Conjunction
Conjunctions can connect two
subjects, two predicates, or two 3 Additive Conjunction
sentences.
4 Adversative Conjunction

(Halliday and Hasan, 1976)

 The connectives that express the time order of
1 events (after, while, when, meanwhile, before,
then, after that, an hour later, finally, at last, at
once).

Example:
Temporal  After we eat, we will go watch a
movie.
Conjunction  While we ate dinner, the band
played.
 I will meet you by the fountain
when I get to the mall.
 The connectives are used to introduce
result, reason or purpose (because, so,
2 then, therefore, nevertheless, thus,
hence, consequently, for this reason, it
follows that).

Example:
Causal  We were late because we had
Conjunction
a flat tire
 I wanted to stay home, So I told
my mom I was sick
 The connectives that link units of semantic
similarity (and, and also, in addition,
3 moreover, or, or else, further, further more,
additionally, for instance, alternatively, by the
way, in other words, in same way, similarly)

Example:
 My client says he does not
Additive know his witness. Further, he
Conjunction denies ever having seen her.
 Perhaps she missed her train.
Or else, she’s changed her
mind and isn’t coming
 The connectives that bring in the expressions
that are contrary to expectation (but, however, in
4 any case only, instead, yet, on the other hand,
despite this, on the contrary, in fact, anyhow,
though, nevertheless).

Example:
Adversative  Brian hurried, yet time was
running out.
Conjunction  Most parrots live in jungles, but
some live in grasslands.
 Lexical Cohesion
Lexical cohesion refers to relationship among lexical items in – a text and, in
particular, among content words.
1 Repetition
refers to words that are
repeated in the text, as well as
words that have changed to
reflect tense or number such
as feel and felt, feeling and
feelings.
4 Hyponymy
refers to classes of lexical
items where the relationship
is one of 'general - specific'
or ' a type of', such as
entree and main course.
2 Synonymy
refers to the relationship
between words that are
similar to meaning such as
customers and patrons.
5 Meronymy
refers to lexical items which
are in a whole-part relation,
such as the relationship
between main course,
potatoes and broccoli;
and fish, bones, and
scales
Paltridge (2000:134)
3 Antonymy
refers to opposite meaning
such as good and bad,
happy and sad.
6 Collocation
describe associations between
words that tend to co-occur,
such as, combinations of
adjectives and nouns, It also
includes the relationship
between verbs and nouns
such as eat and food. 16
 Lexical Cohesion

1 Repetition 2 Synonymy 3 Antonymy

Example: Example:. Example:
Mary ate some peaches, she I heard a sound, but I He fell a sleep. What woke
likes peaches very much couldn’t figure out where him was a loud crush.
the noise come from.

4 Hyponymy 5 Meronymy 6 Collocation

Example:
Clarinet, guitar, piano,
trumpet, violin
(musical instruments)
Example:
Hand is part of the body
Weeks are part of month
Day is part of week
Example:
I missed the bus (not I lost the
bus)
She committed suicide (not she
undertook or did suicide)
A heavy smoker (not a strong
smoker) 17
 Pedagogical Application

How to teach cohesion The Use of Cohesion in ELT

• Strategy to teach • Selecting materials
cohesion • Giving instruction
• Explaining materials

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Mind Map
Mind Map

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 References

Halliday, M.A.K. & Hasan, R. (1976). Cohesion in English. London: Longman.

Nunan, D. (1993). Introducing discourse analysis. London: Penguin English.
Paltridge, B. (2000). Making sense of discourse analysis. Making sense of Language
Series-Book 3. Brisbane: Merino Lithographics.

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QUIZ

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 Quiz

How many instances of referential cohesion can you find in

the following conversation?
Nia : “That’s a funny looking bottle.”
Rian : “Yes, it is. It’s beautiful. Beer’s nice too.”
Nia : “Oh, gosh, that’s lovely. Where’d do you buy that?”
Rian : “Oh, there’s a little bottle shop in the city called the Wine….City
Wines. Maybe we’ll go there tomorrow and have a look.”
Nia : “That’d be good. I’d love to keep this bottle. Wish we could keep it.”
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Quiz
Karni’s roommate, Joana, decided to drive to work; therefore, Karni rode
into the city with her. They needed to turn left on 140th Street, but that
street was under construction. Before Karni could say anything,
however, Joana had already found an alternate route. No sooner did
Karni arrive at work, than her boss told her she would be working with
her coworker Ian on her next project. Karni was really impressed by
Ian’s professional accomplishments, but she was anxious about working
with him. Karni thought Ian was annoying, unpredictable, and reckless.
However, Karni was willing to put aside her opinions to get the job done.
She knew Ian would put in his best effort while they worked together, so
she felt she could do no less— even if he frustrated her. Personal
relationships are often as important as professional skills.

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