WIRELESS NETWORK

TECHNOLOGY
Submitted by
Awais Mehmood
Raja Sarfraz
Habib baig
ZAMEER IQBAL

Department of Electrical Engineering

Riphah International University Lahore
 A wireless network enables people to communicate
and access applications and information without wires. This
provides freedom of movement and the ability to extend
applications to different parts of a building, city, or nearly
anywhere in the world. Wireless networks allow people to
interact with e-mail or browse the Internet from a location that
they prefer.
 TYPES OF WIRELESS NETWORKS

• WLANS: Wireless Local Area Networks

• WPANS: Wireless Personal Area Networks
• WMANS: Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks
• WWANS: Wireless Wide Area Networks
 WLANS: WIRELESS LOCAL AREA NETWORK
• WLANS allow users in a local area, such as a university campus or library, to
form a network or gain access to the internet. A temporary network can be
formed by a small number of users without the need of an access point; given
that they do not need access to network resources.

WPANS: Wireless Personal Area Networks

• The two current technologies for wireless personal area networks are
Infra Red (IR) and Bluetooth. These will allow the connectivity of personal
devices within an area of about 30 feet. However, IR requires a direct line of site
and the range is less.
WMANS: WIRELESS METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORKS
• This technology allows the connection of multiple networks in a
metropolitan area such as different buildings in a city, which can be an
alternative or backup to laying copper or fiber cabling.

• WWANS: Wireless Wide Area Networks

• These types of networks can be maintained over large areas, such as
cities or countries, via multiple satellite systems or antenna sites
looked after by an ISP. These types of systems are referred to as 2G
(2nd Generation) systems
 WIRELESS DEVICE RULES:
• Wireless Clients (Station):
• Devices such as computers, tablets, and phones are common Clients on a
network. When you are accessing a wireless hotspot, or the router in your
home or office, your device is the client. This client mode is also known as
“stationmode.

Some routers can operate as Clients as well, which allows them to act like the
wireless card in a computer, and connect to other Access Points. This can
bridge two Ethernet networks, or connect to more distant APs.

A Wireless Client is similar to a person in the audience of a play or movie.

They are one of several or many people accessing information through the
same conduit - someone speaking.
 ACCESS POINTS (MASTER):
• Most wireless networks are made using Access Points devices that
host and control the wireless connection for laptops, tablets, or smart
phones. If you use Wi-Fi in your home or office, it is most likely through
an Access Point. When a router is set up as an AP, it is said to be in
“Master” or “Infrastructure” mode.

An AP is sometimes a stand-alone device that bridges between a

wireless and wired (Ethernet) network, or is part of a router. APs can
cover a range of areas with a wireless signal, depending on the power
of the device and the type of antenna. There are also some APs that are
weatherproof, designed to be mounted outdoors.
 AD-HOC NODE (MESH):

• Some wireless devices (laptops, smart phones, or wireless routers) support a

mode called Ad-Hoc(Latin word). This allows those devices to connect
together directly, without an Access Point in-between controlling the
connection. This forms a different type of network - in Ad-Hoc mode, all
devices are responsible for sending and receiving messages to the other
devices - without anything else in between. In an Ad-Hoc network, every
device must be in this role, and using the same configuration to participate.
Not all devices use this mode, and some have it as a “hidden” feature.

Ad-Hoc devices are used to create a Mesh network, so when they are in this
mode, they are called “Mesh Nodes”.
WIRELESS DEVICES IN NETWORKS
 In the diagram above:
• 1 represents the connection to the Internet (Optional - networks can function without
the Internet).
2 represents the router that assigns IP addresses and provides a firewall between
your network and the Internet.
• 3 represents the Access Point, providing a wireless bridge between the router and
the users’ devices.
• 4 represent user devices, such as laptops, tablets, and smartphones.
• In many home networks, or small office networks, the router and AP may be
combined into a single device. This is usually just called a wireless router. It may also
have a DSL, Cable, 3G, or 4G port to provide the connection to the Internet. In large
office scenarios, there may be several AP devices spread throughout the building to
provide more even wireless coverage, connected back to the router through long
Ethernet cables.
LONG-DISTANCE DIRECTIONAL ACCESS POINT
AND CLIENT LINK:
• In the diagram above:
• 1 represents computers connected with Ethernet cables to the wireless
devices. These computers are connected to each other over the Point-to-Point
link.
• 2 represents the wireless device setup as an Access Point.
• 3 represents dish antennas that focus the wireless signal, allowing
connections over long distances.
• 4 represents the wireless device setup as a Client, connected to the Access
Point.
• This could look like the network below, where an AP mounted on a tower is
able to connect with a Client device in a home very far away, since the dishes
are facing one another.
POINT TO MULTI POINT - WIRELESS INTERNET
SERVICE PROVIDER MODEL:
• In the diagram above:
• 1 represents the connection to the Internet.
• 2 represents an Access Point providing the signal for Client devices to
connect to.
• 3 represents a powerful omnidirectional (all directions) antenna,
sending the wireless signal to a large area around the building.
• 4 represent Client wireless devices on the roof of other buildings,
linking to the powerful Access Point, and able to connect to the Internet
through that AP.
• 5 represents small Access Points distributing wireless service inside
the building
MESH - NEIGHBOR-TO-NEIGHBOR
NETWORKS:
• In the diagram above:
• 1 represents the connection to the Internet.
• 2 represents a Mesh Node with a connection to the Internet, with an
omnidirectional (all directions) antenna.
• 3 represents Mesh Nodes with omnidirectional (all directions)
antennas. These nodes are receiving Internet access from Mesh
Node B. They may be connected to different devices inside the
building.
• 4 represents small Access Points distributing wireless service inside
the building
 ROUTER TYPES:

• . There are three types of routers you

will use:

• Omnidirectional.
• These can send and receive
wireless signals in every
direction.
Sector.
These send and receive wireless
signals in a limited arc. Limit the
connections these routers make to
a wedge-shaped area.
Focused. These send and receive wireless
signals in a narrow beam. Limit the connections
to a single thin line.
 WIRELESS CHALLENGES:
• Distance :
• Wireless signals
lose power the
further they travel,
no matter the type
of antenna
• Line of Sight
• Wireless signals can
encounter total barriers,
preventing connections.
• Barriers
• Wireless signals
lose signal strength
through solid
objects
• Weather
• Weather
conditions can
disrupt wireless
signals
• Electrical power issues
• Routers need steady electricity
to work correctly.
 WHAT IS FADING?

• The time variation of received signal power due to changes in

transmission medium or paths is known as fading. In fixed scenario,
fading depends on atmospheric conditions such as rainfall, lightening
etc.
• In mobile scenario, fading depends on obstacles over the path which
are varying with respect to time. These obstacles create complex
transmission effects to the transmitted signal.
• Fading signals occur due to reflections from ground and surrounding
buildings as well as scattered signals from trees, people and towers
present in the large area
 1.) LARGE SCALE FADING

• Large scale fading occurs when an obstacle comes in between

transmitter and receiver. This interference type causes significant
amount of signal strength reduction.
 1.A) PATH LOSS
• The free space path loss can be expressed as follows.
➤ Pt/Pr = {(4 * π * d)2/ λ2} = (4*π*f*d)2/c2
Where,
Pt = Transmit power
Pr = Receive power
λ = wavelength
d = distance between transmitting and receiving antenna
c = speed of light i.e. 3 x 108

• From the equation it implies that transmitted signal attenuates over

distance as the signal is being spread over larger and larger area from
transmit end towards receive end.
 1.B) SHADOWING EFFECT

• It is observed in wireless communication. Shadowing is

deviation of received power of EM signal from average value.
• It is result of obstacles over the path between transmitter
and receiver.
• Shadowing is the effect that the received signal power
fluctuates due to objects obstructing the propagation path
between transmitter and receiver.
 2. SMALL SCALE FADING

• Small scale fading is concerned with rapid fluctuations of

received signal strength over very short distance and short
time period.
 2.A) FLAT FADING
The wireless channel is said to be flat fading if it has constant
gain and linear phase response over a bandwidth which is
greater than the bandwidth of the transmitted signal.
• Signal Bandwidth < Channel Bandwidth

• Symbol period > Delay Spread

 2.B) FREQUENCY SELECTIVE FADING

• It affects different spectral components of a radio signal with

different amplitudes. Hence the name selective fading.
• • Signal BW > Channel BW
• Symbol period < Delay Spread
 2.C) FAST FADING

• The phenomenon of fast fading is represented by rapid fluctuations of

signal over small areas (i.e. bandwidth).
• Fast fading occurs when channel impulse response changes very
rapidly within the symbol duration.
• • High Doppler spread
• Symbol period > Coherence time
• Signal Variation < Channel variation
• Fast fading distorts the shape of the baseband pulse.
 2.D) SLOW FADING

• Slow fading is result of shadowing by buildings, hills, mountains and other objects
over the path.
• • Low Doppler Spread
• Symbol period <<Coherence Time
• Signal Variation >> Channel Variation
 HOW TO OVERCOME ON FADING?

• What is Diversity?
• Diversity schemes provides two or more inputs at the receiver such that the fading
phenomena among these inputs are uncorrelated
• If one radio path undergoes deep fade at a particular point in time, another
independent (or at least highly uncorrelated) path may have a strong signal at that
input.
THE END