Kuliah Patologi Klinik

PKH-UB 2014
 Chyle (/kaɪl/; from the Greek word χυλός chylos,
"juice") is a milky bodily fluid consisting of
lymph and emulsified fats, or free fatty acids
(FFAs).
 Thoracocentesis is used to remove air or
fluid from the pleural space
 Rivalta’s test is a very simple, inexpensive method
that does not require special laboratory equipment
and can be easily performed in private practice.
 This test was originally developed by the Italian
researcher Rivalta around 1900 and was used to
differentiate transudates and exudates in human
patients.
 This test is very useful in cats to differentiate
between effusions due to FIP and effusions caused
by other diseases [Hartmann et al., 2003]. Not only
the high protein content, but high concentrations of
fibrinogen and inflammatory mediators lead to a
positive reaction.
 To perform this test, a transparent reagent tube
(volume 10 ml) is filled with approximately 7-8
ml distilled water, to which 1 drop of acetic acid
(98%) is added and mixed thoroughly. On the
surface of this solution, 1 drop of the effusion
fluid is carefully layered.
 If the drop disappears and the solution remains
clear, the Rivalta’s test is defined as negative.
 If the drop retains its shape, stays attached to the
surface or slowly floats down to the bottom of the
tube (drop- or jelly-fish-like), the Rivalta’s test is
defined as positive
 The Rivalta’s test had a high
positive predictive value (86%)
and a very high negative
predictive value for FIP (96%) in a
study in which cats that presented
with effusion were investigated
(prevalence of FIP 51%)
[Hartmann et al., 2003].
 Positive Rivalta’s test results can
occur in cats with bacterial
peritonitis or lymphoma.
Ascites is the accumulation of unwanted fluid in the abdominal cavity,
either from normal functions (physiologic) or resulting from disease
(pathologic). Fluid accumulates between the body wall and the
internal organs.
INDICATIONS
1. The examination of cerebrospinal fluid is indicated
for the diagnosis of diseases of central nervous
system.
2. In the evaluation of clinical signs associated with
central nervous system, the cerebrospinal fluid is
examined.
3. For the evaluation of prognosis and effect of therapy,
the examination of cerebrospinal fluid is advised.
4. Cerebrospinal fluid is used for radiographic
procedures employed to demonstrate the shape of
cerebrospinal fluid containing system and to reveal
the changes due to disease
 Spinal needles for use in small animals
are available in 20 to 22 gauge and 1- 1/2
to 3- 1/2 inches in length. All spinal
needles have a stylet.
COLLECTION OF CEREBROSPINAL FLUID
 In horses, sheep, goats, pigs and dogs,
the cerebrospinal fluid is collected from
sub-occipital region
 while in cattle and buffaloes, the lumbo-
sacral site is preferred.
 CSF Pressure (by manometer)
• Tekanan CSF meningkat karena neoplasma,
abses, hemoragi, hydrocephalus. Vena sinus
mengalami tekanan oleh lesi sehingga
penyerapan cairan melalui villi arachnoid
terganggu
• Defisiensi vitamin A, menyebabkan gangguan
penyerapan cairan
• Peningkatan cairan CCF pada edema cerebral
akibat luka di kepala
 Tekanan CSF pada beberapa kondisi
penyakit di hewan
No Disease CSF Normal
Pressure
1 Canine distemper 120 170
2 Canine cryptococcal 364 170
meningitis
3 Canine toxoplasma 256 170
encephalitis
4 Suppurative 168 200
meningoencephalitis
pada sapi
5 Polioencephalitis 220
6 Brain tumors 170-410
7 Polioencephalomalacia 210
in goats
 Warna, merah karena chronic
hemmorhagic; kuning-putih pada infeksi
septicemic thromboembolic
meningoencephalitis. Kuning karena adanya
bilirubin (xantochormic) pada kondisi
perdarahan subarachnoid, hematoma
extradural, spinal block, brain tumor, abses,
keratonemia dan toxoplasma akut. Warna
kehijauan atau keabuan bisa terjadi karena
adanya sel radang pada peradangan akut.
 Turbiditas, CSFyang keruh menandakan
adanya komponen seluler karena proses
radang
 Koagulasi, CSF normal tidak mengalami
koagulasi, koagulasi terjadi karena
peningkatan unsur fibrinogen, pada
kejadian meningitis supurative akut,
 Arthrocentesis
can generally be
performed with
light sedation of
the animal
 A 20 gauge
needle and 3 ml
syringe are used
 The inflammatory conditions of joints are
of 3 types (i) non infectious (ii) infectious
and (iii) immune complex mediated.
 Earlier the immune complex mediated
arthritis was included in the non-
infectious joint inflammations but in this,
it has been described in a separate class
for a better understanding of immune
mediated arthritis.
 The non-infectious arthritis includes
degenerative and traumatic type of joint
inflammations. In this the synovial fluid is
clear with good or fair mucin clot, normal
glucose and protein contents with a
cellular content of 100-1000/mm3.
 The infectious arthritis is caused by
bacteria,mycoplasma, chlamydia or viral
agents either in single or in combination.
The synovial fluid is less viscous, coloured,
foul smelling, turbid, thick, opaque, often
clots on standing with poor mucin test. The
glucose content is lowered with increased
protein contents.
 Microorganisms can be demonstrated or
isolated from the synovial fluid.
 CYTOLOGY EFFUSI

Sebutkan sel apa yang bisa kalian

amati
Pleural Effusion Actinomycosis
Hemorraghic Effusion
Neoplastic, Lymphoma
Hemorraghic Effusion,
Candidiasis
Mixed Cell Pleocytosis
ACUTE HEMORRHAGE WITH MONONUCLEAR
MIXED CELL
