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RFBT

Lists
ALWAYS TRUE LIST
1. Cause is always presumed. (Disputable)
2. Respondeat superior is always applicable to common courier
(kahit na may diligent hiring)
3. Accessory will always follow the principal
4. Waiver of future fraud is always VOID
Ex. waiver to render acctg (agent 2M nabenta, 1M↑ wag na sabihin -
VOID)
5. Period is always a future event
6. Limited partners are always capitalist partners
GEN RULE: JOINT (Hati hati, kanya kanya whether burden or benefit, FIXED SHARE)
AUTOMATIC SOLIDARY
1. Gestors in negotiorum gestio
- To discourage pannggialam/wag sumama sa mga pakialamera
2. Joint payees in solutio in debiti
- (not yet due – nareceive kaagad)
3. Those guilty of delicts
- Para di sumama, kahit look out lang
4. Those guilty of quasi-delicts
5. Employee-Employer relationship (respondeat superior)
EXCEPT: If may diligent hiring
EXCEPT: If common courier
6. Those guilty of fraud (malice)
7. Bailees in commodatum
- Para di magpabaya; tunay na may kasalanan – reimburse ng buo
8. Principals - contract of agency
9. Partners – in case of injury or damage to 3rd persons (delicts/quasi delicts)
10. Directors, officers, trustees – the company violated laws
11. Joint endorsers in Nego
PAASA LIST (VOID/No intention to be obligated)
1. Past period
2. Potestative condition debtor suspensive Ex. I will give C 1M when I want
3. Suspensive condition impossible positive Ex. I will give C 1M if he will fly like a bird
4. Debtor fails to furnish creditor the guaranties promised
WAIT LIST
1. Sale with no period
- Seller will just wait for the buyer to pay
2. Natural obligation
- Wait & hope for voluntary performance [Ex. prescribed period]
3. Potestative period
- Wait or go to court
Physical
May impossible pero VALID IMPOSSIBLE
Legal

1. Suspensive Condition Impossible Negative - “If you will not kill


C”
2. Resolutory Condition Impossible Positive (never) - “Return pag namatay na si FPJ”
3. If penalty clause lang/accessory – DISREGARD
4. Condition Impossible Positive – pre-existing obli “I owe him” –
DISREGARD - “I will pay B 1M which I owe him if he fly like a bird”
5. Divisible obli, mixed – disregard impossible obligations- “I will pay B 1M if he kill C
and if he becomes a CPA”
(valid for 2nd cond: 500T)

6. Renumeratory obli (in consideration of service-bayad)–- “For her years of labor, I


disregard impossible obligations will pay B 1M if she fly like a
bird”
7. Testamentary dispositions (last will&testament)– deemed not
imposed
Real life vs. Board
1. Involuntary servitude
2. Recovery of loss from gambling
3. Pactum commisorum
RFBT
Sources of Obligation
Sources of obligation
JURIDICAL TIE

1. Law - nanay
2. Contracts – pinamigay sa tao - free will meeting of minds -
consent - kayang kontrolin ng tao
3. Quasi-contracts
4. Delicts
5. Quasi-delicts
LAW
Quasi-contracts
“AS IF” – parang pero hindi
OBJECT - burden
CAUSE - benefit
QUASI-CONTRACT – OBLIGATION
UNJUST ENRICHMENT

• Negotiorum gestio –management w/o authority


• Gestor/officious manager
• BENEFIT
• PREJUDICE – benefit of gestor: experience
• Solutio indebiti – delivered by mistake
(not due/not yet due)
Delicts (crimes, acts/omissions punishable by law)
Criminal Civil 1. Restoration/Restitution/Return
liab liab 2. Reparation – pay the VALUE
3. Indemnification
- Consequential sufferings of the victim & family
- MENTAL damages

ACCUSED – Innocent until proven guilty


CONVICTED – guilty beyond reasonable doubt
If NOT guilty –- lumaya  ACQUITTAL
1. Did not commit – no liab
2. not proven – civil liab only
ACTS
x di pwede aregluhin

OMISSION
pwede aregluhin
- ex. payment of tax – pwede makulong except poll tax
Hindi hinihintay yung result – ACT ang pinarurusahan

VOID against law


morals

Stages of crime
1. Consummated
2. Frustrated
3. Attempted
• Murder – killing, planned (siniguradong panalo)
• Parricide – killing of close relatives (asawa, magulang, anak) kasal/by
blood
• Infanticide – killing of new born baby hanggang 3 araw (If 4 days
namurder)
• Homicide – killing person (double homicide, multiple homicide)
• Abortion
• Impossible of crime (of murder) – killing the dead
• Physical injury
Pwede reparation for rape (P50T), pero pag kinasal - DISMISS
Stealing
1. Estafa – gumamit ng fraud
2. Robbery – gagamit ng vices aside from fraud (ex. akyat bahay gang,
carnaper)
3. Theft – do not use vices
4. Pilferage – petty theft

• Arson – destruction of property by🔥fire


• Malicious mischief – destruction of property without using x fire

• Malicious prosecution – demand without enough evidence


• Abandonment of person in need is a crime (tulungan – irefer sa brgy)

• If fake yung pera  Go to central bank, though di na mapapalitan


= PUNISHABLE
Quasi-delicts
TORTS/CULPA AQUILIANA
CIVIL Liab
only
x walang bad intent/malice
- Hindi sinasadya
- Naka-damage
RFBT
Grounds of liability
4 grounds of liability
1. Negligence (Culpa)
2. Delay (Mora)
3. Fraud (Dolo)
4. Contravention of the tenor (Breach)
Negligence (Culpa) kapabayaan
• Omission of diligence - MUST be proven!
• Standard/Gen.rule/Ordinary: Diligence of a good father of a family
EXCEPT: Extraordinary
1. stipulation
2. law – common courier
(transpo services offered to the public (tao/bagay)

CONTRACTUAL Negligence in Source of addtl Obli+ EmploYER lang ang kakasuhan! Kahit
performance of obli damages wala na yung employee, patunayan
obli lang na naging customer (Receipt)
CRIMINAL Delict Kulong+ Totally in-omit yung diligence
damages (ex. reckless imprudence resulting in
physical injury/ homicide/ damage to
prop)
AQUILIANA Quasi-delict Source of obli Damages
GEN. Rule: Respondeat superior
EXCEPT: If may diligent hiring
EXCEPT: common courier

Subsidiary = Secondary
SUBSIDIARY LIABLE
• Minor – parent/legal guardian
• Employee - Employer
Delay (Mora)

1. Accipendi – creditor – consignation – shouldered by


creditor
2. Solvendi - debtor
3. Compensatio morae – wala pa – na-ooffset ng delay nung
isa yung delay nung isa
Delay (Mora) COA
DEMAND ACTIVE – aggressive mag demand
Laches – sleeping on your right
Judicial – go to court
OR

Extrajudicial – outside of court

Defamation/ Unjust vexation – pamamahiya kahit totoong may utang


Delay (Mora)
Demand is necessary for delay
!EXCEPT:
1. Law expressly declares
1. Taxes
2. Reimbursement of solidary debtors
3. Delivery of partner’s contribution
2. Agreement waiving demand - “w/o the need of demand”
3. Time is of the essence – it is now or never
4. Demand is useless
- May naunang ginawa – either: negligence or bad faith
- mapapaMORA ka pag may CULPA o DOLO
5. Performance of one party in compensation morae
LAW = nanay
Trabaho sa contract – nirerespeto ang free will
1. mag-alalay
2. mag-bantay
FIRST: INTENTION OF THE PARTIES
IF SILENT:
Place
1. residence/business ni debtor – kasi nandun na yung object
2. If specific – kung nasaan yung object
Time
1. Business hours
2. Reasonable hour (house)
Compensatio morae vs. sale

C.M. Sale
Bilateral Bilateral
When?? When??
SIMULTANEOUS 1ST Buyer = PAYMENT
Fraud (Dolo)
Preparation
Perfection = COC = Contract = OBLI  Validity
Performance

In perfection – CAUSANTE – voidable (A+D)


In performance–INCIDENTAL–di pwede magfile ng annulment
(OBLI+D+FE)
Fraud vs. Negligence
FRAUD NEGLIGENCE
Direct & foreseeable Direct Extent of liab
events
  Right do damages
  Voluntary act (an act against my will is not my act)

Intentional Accidental
  Waiver of past Act of kindness/forgiveness

x  Waiver of future
If GROSS negligence – DISREGARD/NULLIFY the waiver
(bad faith) total disregard of diligence
Ex. Field trip, nag-inuman mga teachers, naaksidente yung mga bata
Breach
1. Voluntary – liable for damages
DEBTOR is guilty (during performance) of default, fraud, negligence, or
any manner contravene the nature thereof
2. Involuntary – not liable for damages
RFBT
Fortuitous event
Fortuitous event (force majure)
1. Overpowering/ irresistible force Ex. robbery

2. Independent of our will – wala tayong kinalaman

GEN.RULE: No liab
EXCEPTION:
1. Stipulation
2. Nature of obli assumption of risk – Ex. insurance
3. Declared by law
1. Incurred delay, guilty of fraud, negligence / breach
2. Double sale
3. Generic
4. Arises from crime – para di ulitin yung act
5. Bailee in commodatum allowed 3rd person
RFBT
Kinds of Obligations
Kinds of OBLIGATIONS
1. Unilateral
Bilateral
2. Real – to give
Personal - to do (+), not to do (-)
3. Determinate
Generic
4. Civil - legally enforceable – can sue in court
Natural – x NOT legally enforceable – you cannot sue in court – wait
& hope
5. Legal – by law
Conventional – by stipulation (contract)
Pure obligation
×NO period -day certainIMPORTANT:
period, doesn’t matter,
doesn’t matter EVENTS the EVENT itself

×NO condition -uncertain


Walang kasiguraduhan condition, condition, condition

Kahit period hindi pwede itakda (Ex. death of Mr. X)


Calendar lang ang pwedeng itakda
-ang pwede lang gamitan ng “before” (Ex. on or before xx)

- demandable at once
- Kaparehas ng SALE (D+BEC+NIC) from date of perfection
Conditional obligation
EFFECT:
1. Suspensive - × WALA pang BENEFIT kaya suspense [EX DIE]
- obligation may or may not arise
- If natupad yung condition – RETRO ACT sa date of perfection  para ingatan
D+BEC only
yung principal (specific)
- Paimportante si NIC – on date to deliver na
2. Resolutory –MAY BENEFIT na at pag nag-arrive na yung period/ [EX DIEM]
nangyari na yung condition, the debtor can RESt
Suspensive

VOI
Debtor
Resolutory
POTESTATIVE Party OR
Suspensive
Creditor
Resolutory
1
Cause or
CASUAL
3rd person
#
CONDITIONS
“or
1 CASUAL

several
“and
All MIXED

Example
A B - If B will marry C before end of 2019
1M
TIME LIMIT
A D - If D will not marry C before end of 2019
1M

B D
1. JAN 2020 B&D still single x
E 

If the debtor PREVENTED the


2. JUL 2019 C+ xE 
happening of the condition – it is
considered FULFILLED
3. AUG 2019 A killed C  
4. SEP 2019 C married E - -
TIME LIMIT
Still possible
5. OCT 2019 B&C  - -
priesthood
Example
A B - If A will win the lottery  CASUAL
10T

A B - If A will win the lottery


10T  POTESTATIVE
A still haven’t purchased a ticket
Potestative period
1. Debtor suspensive
2. Debtor resolutory
VALID
3. Creditor suspensive
4. Creditor resolutory
RULES during PENDENCY of the fulfillment of a
SUSPENSIVE condition
1. LOSS – WALA na – V+D
1. Perishes – it came to its end, may takdang hangganan
(Ex. human-death, perishable goods)
2. Goes out of commerce -
3. Disappears
a. You don’t know its whereabouts
b. You cannot recover (pwedeng may loss kahit kita pa)
2. DETERIORATION – MERON pa
1. Without debtor’s fault- Object, impairment borne by COA
2. With debtor’s fault – Object+Damages OR Recission+Damages
3. IMPROVEMENT
1. By thing’s nature/time  COA
2. At debtor’s expense  COA with usufructuary to OPD
Use + Fruits
PERIOD = day certain
Obli with period Certain
Future

Debtor will LOSE the benefit of PERIOD (Pure) [IGIVA]


1. Insolvent – mere suspicion if possible insolvency is not enough
2. Failed to furnish Guaranties promised
3. Impaired guaranty
4. Violates any undertakingPag di ka mapagkakatiwalaan sa maliliit na bagay,
Hindi ka mapagkakatiwalaan sa malalaking bagay
5. Attempts to Abscond
Simple
“single”

HINDI magiging Novation X


Facultative
Substitution Reserves right na magbago isip
DEDMA substitution hangga’t di pinipili
# of
objects
IF Silent: DEBTOR
Intentional  1 – tuloy ang obli
Alternative “or Right to
CHOOSE  All – last obj
Kahit nahahati –BAWAL hatiin! ” (V+D)
To convert ALTERNATIVE  SIMPLE: Creditor/3rd party – by stipulation
Several 1. Choose
2. Communicate
Intentional  V+D nung nasira,
if yun yung
Compound “and” pinili
F.E  EXCUSED for that obj
Plurality of parties
GEN Rule: JOINT
EXCEPTION: SOLIDARY
1.Stipulation
2.Law AUTOMATIC SOLIDARY List
3.Nature

If MUTUUM (Consummable loan) Debtors x Creditors = # of obli


There is as many debts as there are debtors &
as many credits as there are creditors

Partnership – kung ilan tao (relationship: pro-rata / joint)


Joint debtors – sharing ratio
• Passive solidary
• Active solidary
• Mixed solidary

TIP:
Pag mixed solidary- magstart sa JOINT

Pag may MINOR,


Minority – defense of minor and partial defense ng kasamang debtors
Parents/guardians/grandparents/siblings – magbabayad ng share ni
minor

Kapag solidary ang creditors mo, kung sino MAUNA MANINGIL –


Bayaran mo
“We” - Joint
Pro-rata, mancomunada, mancomunada simple
“I” – Solidary
In solidum, mancomunada solidaria, jointly and severally, individually and
collectively
How much is the obligation? vs. how much can the creditor collect from one?

Magkaka-
Running of interest SUBROGATION
• If payment is before maturity  @MD
• If after maturity date  at date of payment
NOT entitled for reimbursement
IF nagbayad after prescription – wala na dapat obli
(Natural obli)
Remit/condoned = forgiven
In solidary obligation

“Ang relasyon matatapos lang pag wala nang obligasyon”

Solidary debtor
Condonation of ALL obli – damay ibang debtors = forgiven
Condonation of share – wala na siyang obli share pero sasalo parin if
may insolvency sa co-debtors

IF nauna payment before remission-  may reimbursement


nauna remission bago payment – X
1M
A XY
solidary

w/ knowledge and w/o knowledge and


consent of Y consent of Y
500T
1. X demand 1M   X Y
2. X remit 1M   500T
X Y
3. X assign to Z  x
Divisible / Indivisible By intention – ex. payment of loan in installment
By nature

“masaya ang tao kapag buo ang benefit”

JOINT INDIvisible obligation – pwede iconvert sa divisible


(VALUE)
“Spot
AB ” the C
dog
Bad faith Good faith
20T
10T+D 10T only
-pwede oral
Obli with penalty clause -accessory
Parusahan
ang Isa’t isa
stipulation

- Pwedeng pera, in kind, or


service

PURPOSES: Pag may penalty na, wala nang


damages
1. Avoid litigation EXCEPT: (patunayan - need proof of
2. Substitute damages damage)
3. Ensure compliance of obli in 1. Stipulation
good faith & on time 2. Refused to pay penalty
3. fraud
RFBT
Contracts
Essential = always (pag kulang kahit isa  VOID)VIN - Void, Null (kawalan), Inexistent
Expressed
CONSENT Implied
Object - burden (to give to do or not to
Estoppel
OBJECT do)
Kapag to give pwede kaagad idemanda
CAUSE = kapalit - PRESUMED
CONTRACT – OBLIGATION CHARACTERISTICS:
1. Autonomy
Contract of
2. Mutuality
(PerfectionPerformance) Adhesion
3. Obligatoriness
!AVOID: 4. Relativity
1. Negligence (culpa contractual)
2. Delay
Obli + Damages + F.E.
3. Fraud
kahit di mo kasalanan,
4. Breach kasalanan mo
Formality of contract
1. Validity – solemn contracts - VOID
2. Enforceable – statute of frauds - UNEN
3. Convenience
a. Government requirement
b. Mode of delivery
c. Creates real right
Consent
= meeting of minds
= obj + cause
= offer (certain) + acceptance (absolute) Qualified acceptance = counter offer
Cause (Consideration) - kapalit
Gratuitious – non material: emotion (unilateral)
• Donation
• Condonation/remittance - forgive
• Commodatum - use - hiram non consumable – movable/immovable
• Usufruct - use+fruits
• Deposit - safekeeping – patago –may not be taken literally (Ex. Bldg)
Generally gratuitous. May mga patagong nagpapabayad ex. parking lot Judicial deposit

Onerous – material (bilateral)


Relativity

R - Rights
I – Interest  Claim
P - Prejudice

PHA
Parties, heirs, assignees 3person [Example: stipulation pour atrui]
r
d
Status of contract

Voidable
Rescissible
Unenforceable

Valid Void
Status of contract
1.Valid – COC
May 2.Rescissible – COC – LESION (lugi) – iba yung nagcause ng lesionRescission/ cancel
sakit defraud creditor, under litigation, Ikaw na lang good faith
ang
consent 3.Voidable – COC Annulment
a.May isang incapacitated sa parties
3rd b.May vices Ratification –
person if by those who
na-RIP 4.Unenforceable – COC – [useless unless cured] can give
consent
a.2 incapacitated
b.Without authority or excess of authority
c. Statutes of fraud - WI
5.Void – COC Contrary to law, morals, public policy
Legal Contrary to absolute rule Declaration of nullity
a.ABSENT Physical  If good faith
b.In pari delicto – both parties in bad faith
Valid between the parties – [marriage lang allowed – pumunta sa court yung salbahe]
WI
c. Solemn/Formal without required document PI
Solemn / Formal
a. Donations
a. Movable more than 5000 - WI
b. Immovable - PI
b. Transfer of large cattle - PI
c. Interest - WI
d. Agency – sale of land – WI [the rest of agency – oral  valid]
e. Partnership – immovable – PI [oral partnership is valid basta walang immovable]
f. Carrier less than extra-ordinary (object) - WI
g. Antichresis – WI – fruits of immovable
h. Sale of vessels - PI
i. Chattel mortgage – PI + Registration @ Register of Deeds
Statute of Frauds
a. Agreements not to be performed within a year from agreement
b. Promise to answer for debt, default or miscarriage of another
(Ex. Guaranty)
c. Agreement in consideration of marriage other than mutual promise
to marry (Ex. pre-nuptial/antenuptial) – if after the wedding –VOID
d. Lease of immovable for more than one year
(Lease+Immovable+more than 1 yr)
e. Sale of real property, personal property – 500 and above
f. Representation as to the credit of a third person
(Ex. letter of credit)
Example
P
Sold
S
agent 1M
B

Agency Sale
Oral VOID O - VOID WI - VOID PI – VOID
WI Valid O - Unen WI - Valid PI – Much better
PI Much better O - Unen WI - Valid PI - Much better
Real contract
C
O
C PERFECTION
Delivery (tradition)
Real contract vs. Consensual – PROMISE
Does not require delivery
1.Pledge 1. Promises
2.Deposit 2. Agency
3.Mutuum 3. Partnership
4.Commodatum 4. Option contract
contract contract
Barter TO OF
Real OBLI – delivery @ performance [preparatory]
Sale promises
Preparatory Commutative
1.Promises – contracts to / agreement to 1.Barter
2.Agency 2.Sale
3.Partnership
3.Partnership
4.Dacion
4.Option contract
Aleatory
Accessory Principal 1.Insurance
1.Collateral contracts (4) 1.Loan 2.Gambling
2.Guaranty 2.Sale
3.Suretyship 3.Barter Renumeratory
4.Lease 1.Employment
5.Partnership 2.Agency
6.Agency 3.Lease of services
4.Industrial partner
RFBT
Presumptions
Presumption
Presume - wag ka masyado magtiwala
Presume only if:
In Law - written
In Facts - if logical

1. Disputable presumption – may doubt


2. Conclusive presumption – walang doubt
3. No presumption at all
Possession
- Movable – disputable presumption – pag nasa kanya, kanya yun
- Immovable – no presumption (registration)

Debtor not owner that has possession of the thing @ the time it was
damaged
ASSUMPTION: may negligence

Pag nireturn yung pledge – NO PRESUMPTION AT ALL if bayad na yung


loan or hindi
Kasi PRINCIPAL can stand alone kahit wala yung accessory
In LAW, there are:
• 360 days in a year
• 30 days in a month – unless minention name ng month – observe
actual days of the said month
• 4 weeks in a month
• 24 hours in a day
• Sunset to sunrise = 1 night NIGHT aggravating circumstance, mas
mataas parusa pag gabi ginawa yung act

Denomination Rate = stipulation


Old rule New rule EXCEPT: If
Unconscionable – x di makatao – VOID (ex. 5-6)
0.25& ↑ - 50 1 & ↑ - 1,000 USURY LAW – against excessive interest
↓0.25 - 20 ↓1 - 100 Legal rate = 6% per annum
Old legal rate = 12% per annum
MARRIAGE
GEN. Rule: Absolute community – what is mine is yours and what is yours is
mine
EXCEPT: may pre-nuptial agreement
1.Absolute separation – what is your is yours, what is mine is mine incl their
fruits
2.Conjugal partnership of gains - what is your is yours, what is mine is mine
but the fruits will be ours
RFBT
Quick notes
Property Right Obligation
Real Immovable Against the world To give
– owner
- split
Personal Movable/chattel/ Against specific individual To do (+), not to do
goods - possessor, COA (-)
-X
Nasakanila pero hindi kanila (PBL)
Pledgee
 May possession
Bailee  Benefit
x not an owner
Lease

Bailor – nagpahiram
Bailee – may possession, benefit

Agency – if silent: may bayad


Mutuum vs. Commodatum
Mutuum Commodatum
- “simple loan” - Kind of loan, trust & kindness
- consummable - Non consummable
- Generic - Specific
- Nalilipat yung ownership - Possession only, not ownership
- Pag sinauli – same kind - Gratuitous
- Stipulation - enjoyment only ni bailee +
- Onerous – may interest – household members (except for
stipulation – provided by personal things)
parties
- Gratuitous – walang interest
- If consumable pero for
display/exhibit only –
commodatum parin kasi cannot be
DOUBLE LETTERS = VOID
Past, Future
Fraud
Negligence
Period
Condition

×Past Period
×Future Fraud

Past condition – pwede basta unknown sa both parties (good faith)


Rights
1. Real – against the whole world
2. Personal
3. No right at all
Pledge – property, possession  COA
(holding, using, occupying, CONTROL)
Mortgage
• Real property mortgage
• Chattel mortgage
Damages – compensation – pampalubag loob (6% per annum) – fr law
Damage – loss
Kahit na malaki value – HINDI principal if cannot stand alone
Ex. ring –accessory lang yung diamond
Ang industrial fruit pwede maging natural – kapag kasama na sa contract
Ex. bought land, may nakatanim na or may bahay na – di na need
bayaran yung nagpagod
Bawal ang babae magpakasal w/in 1 yr from the death of the husband -
pwede makulong
Carnal knowledge
Void
• Against law - pwede kulong
• Against morals, public - void parin pero walang kulong
Paramour/concubine – other party
Concubinage - husband dinala sa bahay, ibinahay, inexpose sa public
yung paramour
Adultery - carnal knowledge of wife
If alam ni guy na kasal - kulong din
If di alam na kasal - di kulong
Gambling - illegal, unauthorized or not regulated by the
government
Pag natalo ka sa gambling, pwede mo bawiin pera mo kasi void yun
Pero sa totoong buhay, di makukuha

Hidden treasure – plain sight/view – owner & finder – share 50/50

When found lost item:


If claimed within 6 months – minimum: 10% of value
If not – inyo na yun

Atin lang ang nasa ilalim ng lupa natin


Legal age
GEN Rule: 18
EXCEPT: Tax & Quasi-delicts  21

Automatic authority
1. Parents
2. Grandparents
3. Siblings of legal age
Entitlement = right, NOT ownership
Obli - Kay COA na @ the time of
CAN STAND ALONE! PERFECTION EXCEPT: Pure Obli –
kaparehas ng SALE
Sale  @ PERFECTION

Obli -
PRINCIPAL Ordinary BEC NIC
+ + + When the time
Specific Diligence Accessory Accession to DELIVER
fruits arises
LOGIC: Para maiwasan
madelay, mawalan na
If generic – no req. diligence – kasi impossible ng interest sa NIC kasi
Genus nunquam peruit – generic thing never di na kanya yun
perishes

TEST: Accession:
ACCESSORY:
1. Particularly designated 1.Natural – x No human
1. Completion
– katangiang kanya lang intervention
2. Better use - convenience
2. Physically segregated 2.Industrial - Intervention
3. Embellishment - beautification
– nag -iisa 3.Civil - Contract

Delivery = transfers ownership


Sale vs. Obli
SALE OBLI
Cause – always payment
Depende sa POV
Object – always yung binenta
@PERFECTION
(P+OD+BEC+NIC) (P+OD+BEC)
Support = Capacity + Need
Sino kailangan magsuportahan?
1. Spouses/live-in
2. Ascendants (ash) and Descendants (child)
3. Brothers and sisters and their children

Example: X has a father and a son.


Be careful! DO NOT ASSUME na may wife, walang sinabi!
Kapag pantay tayo ng obligation – sino ang dapat mauna?
San depende: tingnan ang RIGHTS
ANSWER: SON – mas lamang sa karapatan dahil siya una magmamana
paag namatay si X. (IF may capacity, pag wala  FATHER)
Remedies of creditor (monetary obli)
Cumulative (CumuLAHAT ALL – follow hierarchy)
1. Exact fulfillment/Specific perf Non-leviable
× Damit
2. Leviable properties × Libro for professionals
- Leviable means pwede ibenta × Pair of animals – para makabangon
1. Personal properties × Basic furniture
× Basic household utensils
2. Real properties × libingan
3. Accion subrogatoria
- If creditor din si debtor, step into the shoes – exercise his right as if he is the
creditor
4. Accion pauliana
- Rescind contract entered by debtor to defraud creditor
- Karapatang pagdudahan si debtor na may tinatago
Family home
GEN. RULE: SAFE
400T ↓ urban
200T↓ rural

Priority maningil: Construction workers


Contract of agency
Agent CANNOT deduct commission in advance
BUT: can singil any of the principals (solidary)
Hindi applicable ang delay – not to do
Hindi applicable ang death – to give
Hindi pwede magpatulong sa 3rd person – to give specific
Registration
• Property = registry of deeds
• Tao = civil registrar
• PSA/NSO – taga census
Hayop – movable as a rule
pero if nakakulong – immovable yung kulungan – magiging
immovable I-aadopt yung bahay

Anything attached to immovable is immovable


RFBT
Modes of Extinguishing an Obligation
Modes of extinguishing
obligation
Primary Secondary
1. Payment or performance 7. Annulment
8. Rescission
2. Loss of the thing due
9. Fulfillment of a resolutory
3. Condonation or remission of the condition
debt 10. Prescription
4. Confusion or merger of rights 11. Death (personal obli)
5. Compensation 12. Mutual desistance/withdrawal
6. Novation 13. Arrival of resolutory period
14. Compromise
15. Impossibility of fulfillment
16. Happening of fortuitous event
Payment or performance
- Monetary obligation To do, not to do, to give
- GEN Rule: Payment  Legal tender
- Legal – lawful Legal tender: PH peso
- Tender – offer
EXCEPTION: by stipulation
1. Foreign currency
1. Currency
2. Rate of exchange - by stipulation, IF SILENT: @Date of payment
2. Document evidencing right to receive money
- Transfer of right to money (includes negotiable ins and non-negotiable ins)
Voluntary acceptance is NOT payment UNTIL:
1.Encashment or
2.Impairment – creditor’s fault
Payment or performance
• In case of Insolvency
Application of payment
- Several obli, same kind, same creditor
1.Intention
2.Most burdensome/onerous
Before mag#3, CONSIDER:
3.Proportionate 1.Due date
2.Total extinguishment

• In case of Inflation
-abrupt increase sa price

GEN. Rule: Payment = the amount you borrowed + interest, if any


EXCEPT: If BSP declared extraordinary inflation/deflation
Kailangan iparamdam sa creditor yung value ng pera niya @ the time of
PERFECTION
Alternative modes of payment:
1.Dacion en pago DACION CESSION
Property  
- payment in kind
Creditors Only one creditor Several creditors
- real novation
Transfers Ownership Proceeds
- Commutative
Insolvency Not necessarily 
- Gov by law on SALES
If may No stipulation, no Can be recovered even w/o
2.Payment by cession deficiency recovery stipulation
Must be reserved LAW: Automatic reservation
3.Consignation – deposit payment to court due to mora accipendi
 TO GIVE only (real obligation) Pwede bawiin yung
GEN. Rule: MUST have been refused to be accepted by creditordeposit
Exerted effort to pay creditor IF: Wala pang finality yung
EXCEPT: When it is useless / dangerous judgement ng supreme
1. Creditor is absent court OR ng lower court
hindi naappeal
2. Creditor is incapacitated Nakakatakot magbayad
3. 2/more persons claim the right to collect(ACCION SUBROGATORIA) sa maling tao
4. Title of obli has been lost Cannot accept: Exp
Refuse to accept: Exp
5. Creditor refuse to issue receipt without just cause
Loss of the thing due
LOSS – WALA na – V+D
1. Perishes – it came to its end, may takdang hangganan
(Ex. human-death, perishable goods)
2. Goes out of commerce
3. Disappears
a. You don’t know its whereabouts
b. You cannot recover (pwedeng may loss kahit kita pa)

Condonation or remission of the debt


FORGIVE
Confusion / Merger of rights SAME OBLI

OBLI – Is the obligation extinguished? (Merger only)


NEGO – Is the instrument discharged? (Merger+Maturity)
SALE – ex. usufructuary acquired the object = becomes the owner
(tradition brevi manu)
Compensation OFFSET – 2 CHARACTERISTICS
GEN. Rule: can offset if all requisites are present (Legal)

REQUISITES:
Persons reciprocally debtors and creditors of each other
Debt – sum of money/ same kind / same quality
EXCEPTION: Not all requisites are present pero gusto ng parties – meeting of minds (Conventional)
EXCEPTION: Not all requisites are present and no meeting of minds – Facultative compensation
1 party
Example: simple na due na & on or before
NOT susceptible of compensation:  May RIGHT and OBLI na yung 1 party

1.Deposit
2.Commodatum
3. Support due by gratuitous title – UNLESS: may debtor creditor relationship
4. Obli arising from criminal offense
5. Certain obli in favor of government
BOTH must be VALID

Novation
“Akala mo patay na, buhay pa pala” 2 OBLIGATION: Old & New

- Creates a NEW BURDEN / STRESS ex. shortening of period (loan)


- NOT all CHANGES are novation
- Requires meeting of minds, CANNOT be presumed
Kinds:
1.Real – object / condition
2.Personal – tao
Legal
a. Subrogation – creditor Conventional REIMBURSEMENT
Delegacion – “delegate” - amt paid + subrogation
b. Substitution - debtor Magiging new creditor lang IF binayaran ng buo
Expromission – “ex permission” - extent of benefit only
STILL an OUTSIDER
3.Mixed IF NO intent to reimburse [DONATION] Kasama
 MUST be with consent of Debtor accessory 
In case of insolvency of new debtor in SUBSTITUTION:
1.Delegacion
If good faith, GEN. Rule: Di na mababalikan si orig debtor
EXCEPT: Mapatunayan mo na may FRAUD
Also, even if good faith  publicly known na isolvent si new debtor
2.Expromission
ABSOLUTE RULE: Di na mababalikan si orig debtor

Source of novation:
1.Sale – NIC+BEC example: mortgage and guarantor, lipat accessory to new credito
2.Obli – x x EXTINGUISH accessory
SUBROGATION CANNOT BE PRESUMED
EXCEPT:
1.Creditor pays another creditor who is more secured
Example: Unsecured creditor paid another creditor which has mortgage
The law allows creditors to secure themselves
- Binawasan ang kausap (creditors)
- Mas nagkasecurity si creditor – lilipat si accessory
2.Third person pays with express / tacit approval of debtor
3.Interested person pays without debtor’s knowledge
Example

1M 1M 1M
A B A B A C
w/ w/ w/ w/

C D
A 1M B
A 500T B Priority
nasa
A 1M
A 500T C loob ng
bahay D
A = 500
AProportion
= 1M
Annulment
- Applicable to VOIDABLE contracts (valid unless annuled)

Rescission / Cancellation
1. Rescissible contracts (lesion, defraud creditor, under litigation)
2. Valid contracts – “sa isang sitwasyon na ikaw na lang ang nakakapit,
pwede kang umalis” – Ikaw na lang good faith
- Recto law
- Unpaid seller of goods
- Sale with hidden defects
Ex. barter – ginamit laptop as paying (Negligence & Delay)
Fulfillment of resolutory condition &
Arrival of resolutory period
• Demandable at once
• Pag impossible yung event – VALID pa din

Prescription
• Oral loan – 6yrs fr maturity
• Written loan – 10yrs fr maturity
• Quasi delicts – 4yrs fr time of accident
• Quasi contract – 6yrs fr date of enrichment
• Warranty – fr delivery
• Life of checks – 6mos fr date of issuance
Death (personal obli) To do or not to do

Mutual desistance / Withdrawal


- Dapat MUTUAL
- Kapag isa lang  BREACH

Compromise
- Amicable settlement – kind of novation (real) – replace object

Physical
Impossibility of fulfillment Legal
Happening of fortuitous event
GEN Rule: Extinguished
EXCEPTION:
1.Stipulation
2.Nature of obli assumption of risk – Ex. insurance
3.Declared by law
1. Incurred delay, guilty of fraud, negligence / breach
2. Double sale
3. Generic
4. Arises from crime – para di ulitin yung act
5. Bailee in commodatum allowed 3rd person
RFBT
Tips
Bihirang tama yung all of the above/ none of the above

Basahin ng mabuti yung tanong

True or False – walang ganun / hierarchy

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