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ALWAYS TRUE LIST
1. Cause is always presumed. (Disputable)
2. Respondeat superior is always applicable to common courier
(kahit na may diligent hiring)
3. Accessory will always follow the principal
4. Waiver of future fraud is always VOID
Ex. waiver to render acctg (agent 2M nabenta, 1M↑ wag na sabihin -
VOID)
5. Period is always a future event
6. Limited partners are always capitalist partners
GEN RULE: JOINT (Hati hati, kanya kanya whether burden or benefit, FIXED SHARE)
AUTOMATIC SOLIDARY
1. Gestors in negotiorum gestio
- To discourage pannggialam/wag sumama sa mga pakialamera
2. Joint payees in solutio in debiti
- (not yet due – nareceive kaagad)
3. Those guilty of delicts
- Para di sumama, kahit look out lang
4. Those guilty of quasi-delicts
5. Employee-Employer relationship (respondeat superior)
EXCEPT: If may diligent hiring
EXCEPT: If common courier
6. Those guilty of fraud (malice)
7. Bailees in commodatum
- Para di magpabaya; tunay na may kasalanan – reimburse ng buo
8. Principals - contract of agency
9. Partners – in case of injury or damage to 3rd persons (delicts/quasi delicts)
10. Directors, officers, trustees – the company violated laws
11. Joint endorsers in Nego
PAASA LIST (VOID/No intention to be obligated)
1. Past period
2. Potestative condition debtor suspensive Ex. I will give C 1M when I want
3. Suspensive condition impossible positive Ex. I will give C 1M if he will fly like a bird
4. Debtor fails to furnish creditor the guaranties promised
WAIT LIST
1. Sale with no period
- Seller will just wait for the buyer to pay
2. Natural obligation
- Wait & hope for voluntary performance [Ex. prescribed period]
3. Potestative period
- Wait or go to court
Physical
May impossible pero VALID IMPOSSIBLE
Legal
1. Law - nanay
2. Contracts – pinamigay sa tao - free will meeting of minds -
consent - kayang kontrolin ng tao
3. Quasi-contracts
4. Delicts
5. Quasi-delicts
LAW
Quasi-contracts
“AS IF” – parang pero hindi
OBJECT - burden
CAUSE - benefit
QUASI-CONTRACT – OBLIGATION
UNJUST ENRICHMENT
OMISSION
pwede aregluhin
- ex. payment of tax – pwede makulong except poll tax
Hindi hinihintay yung result – ACT ang pinarurusahan
Stages of crime
1. Consummated
2. Frustrated
3. Attempted
• Murder – killing, planned (siniguradong panalo)
• Parricide – killing of close relatives (asawa, magulang, anak) kasal/by
blood
• Infanticide – killing of new born baby hanggang 3 araw (If 4 days
namurder)
• Homicide – killing person (double homicide, multiple homicide)
• Abortion
• Impossible of crime (of murder) – killing the dead
• Physical injury
Pwede reparation for rape (P50T), pero pag kinasal - DISMISS
Stealing
1. Estafa – gumamit ng fraud
2. Robbery – gagamit ng vices aside from fraud (ex. akyat bahay gang,
carnaper)
3. Theft – do not use vices
4. Pilferage – petty theft
CONTRACTUAL Negligence in Source of addtl Obli+ EmploYER lang ang kakasuhan! Kahit
performance of obli damages wala na yung employee, patunayan
obli lang na naging customer (Receipt)
CRIMINAL Delict Kulong+ Totally in-omit yung diligence
damages (ex. reckless imprudence resulting in
physical injury/ homicide/ damage to
prop)
AQUILIANA Quasi-delict Source of obli Damages
GEN. Rule: Respondeat superior
EXCEPT: If may diligent hiring
EXCEPT: common courier
Subsidiary = Secondary
SUBSIDIARY LIABLE
• Minor – parent/legal guardian
• Employee - Employer
Delay (Mora)
C.M. Sale
Bilateral Bilateral
When?? When??
SIMULTANEOUS 1ST Buyer = PAYMENT
Fraud (Dolo)
Preparation
Perfection = COC = Contract = OBLI Validity
Performance
Intentional Accidental
Waiver of past Act of kindness/forgiveness
x Waiver of future
If GROSS negligence – DISREGARD/NULLIFY the waiver
(bad faith) total disregard of diligence
Ex. Field trip, nag-inuman mga teachers, naaksidente yung mga bata
Breach
1. Voluntary – liable for damages
DEBTOR is guilty (during performance) of default, fraud, negligence, or
any manner contravene the nature thereof
2. Involuntary – not liable for damages
RFBT
Fortuitous event
Fortuitous event (force majure)
1. Overpowering/ irresistible force Ex. robbery
GEN.RULE: No liab
EXCEPTION:
1. Stipulation
2. Nature of obli assumption of risk – Ex. insurance
3. Declared by law
1. Incurred delay, guilty of fraud, negligence / breach
2. Double sale
3. Generic
4. Arises from crime – para di ulitin yung act
5. Bailee in commodatum allowed 3rd person
RFBT
Kinds of Obligations
Kinds of OBLIGATIONS
1. Unilateral
Bilateral
2. Real – to give
Personal - to do (+), not to do (-)
3. Determinate
Generic
4. Civil - legally enforceable – can sue in court
Natural – x NOT legally enforceable – you cannot sue in court – wait
& hope
5. Legal – by law
Conventional – by stipulation (contract)
Pure obligation
×NO period -day certainIMPORTANT:
period, doesn’t matter,
doesn’t matter EVENTS the EVENT itself
- demandable at once
- Kaparehas ng SALE (D+BEC+NIC) from date of perfection
Conditional obligation
EFFECT:
1. Suspensive - × WALA pang BENEFIT kaya suspense [EX DIE]
- obligation may or may not arise
- If natupad yung condition – RETRO ACT sa date of perfection para ingatan
D+BEC only
yung principal (specific)
- Paimportante si NIC – on date to deliver na
2. Resolutory –MAY BENEFIT na at pag nag-arrive na yung period/ [EX DIEM]
nangyari na yung condition, the debtor can RESt
Suspensive
VOI
Debtor
Resolutory
POTESTATIVE Party OR
Suspensive
Creditor
Resolutory
1
Cause or
CASUAL
3rd person
#
CONDITIONS
“or
1 CASUAL
”
several
“and
All MIXED
”
Example
A B - If B will marry C before end of 2019
1M
TIME LIMIT
A D - If D will not marry C before end of 2019
1M
B D
1. JAN 2020 B&D still single x
E
TIP:
Pag mixed solidary- magstart sa JOINT
Magkaka-
Running of interest SUBROGATION
• If payment is before maturity @MD
• If after maturity date at date of payment
NOT entitled for reimbursement
IF nagbayad after prescription – wala na dapat obli
(Natural obli)
Remit/condoned = forgiven
In solidary obligation
Solidary debtor
Condonation of ALL obli – damay ibang debtors = forgiven
Condonation of share – wala na siyang obli share pero sasalo parin if
may insolvency sa co-debtors
R - Rights
I – Interest Claim
P - Prejudice
PHA
Parties, heirs, assignees 3person [Example: stipulation pour atrui]
r
d
Status of contract
Voidable
Rescissible
Unenforceable
Valid Void
Status of contract
1.Valid – COC
May 2.Rescissible – COC – LESION (lugi) – iba yung nagcause ng lesionRescission/ cancel
sakit defraud creditor, under litigation, Ikaw na lang good faith
ang
consent 3.Voidable – COC Annulment
a.May isang incapacitated sa parties
3rd b.May vices Ratification –
person if by those who
na-RIP 4.Unenforceable – COC – [useless unless cured] can give
consent
a.2 incapacitated
b.Without authority or excess of authority
c. Statutes of fraud - WI
5.Void – COC Contrary to law, morals, public policy
Legal Contrary to absolute rule Declaration of nullity
a.ABSENT Physical If good faith
b.In pari delicto – both parties in bad faith
Valid between the parties – [marriage lang allowed – pumunta sa court yung salbahe]
WI
c. Solemn/Formal without required document PI
Solemn / Formal
a. Donations
a. Movable more than 5000 - WI
b. Immovable - PI
b. Transfer of large cattle - PI
c. Interest - WI
d. Agency – sale of land – WI [the rest of agency – oral valid]
e. Partnership – immovable – PI [oral partnership is valid basta walang immovable]
f. Carrier less than extra-ordinary (object) - WI
g. Antichresis – WI – fruits of immovable
h. Sale of vessels - PI
i. Chattel mortgage – PI + Registration @ Register of Deeds
Statute of Frauds
a. Agreements not to be performed within a year from agreement
b. Promise to answer for debt, default or miscarriage of another
(Ex. Guaranty)
c. Agreement in consideration of marriage other than mutual promise
to marry (Ex. pre-nuptial/antenuptial) – if after the wedding –VOID
d. Lease of immovable for more than one year
(Lease+Immovable+more than 1 yr)
e. Sale of real property, personal property – 500 and above
f. Representation as to the credit of a third person
(Ex. letter of credit)
Example
P
Sold
S
agent 1M
B
Agency Sale
Oral VOID O - VOID WI - VOID PI – VOID
WI Valid O - Unen WI - Valid PI – Much better
PI Much better O - Unen WI - Valid PI - Much better
Real contract
C
O
C PERFECTION
Delivery (tradition)
Real contract vs. Consensual – PROMISE
Does not require delivery
1.Pledge 1. Promises
2.Deposit 2. Agency
3.Mutuum 3. Partnership
4.Commodatum 4. Option contract
contract contract
Barter TO OF
Real OBLI – delivery @ performance [preparatory]
Sale promises
Preparatory Commutative
1.Promises – contracts to / agreement to 1.Barter
2.Agency 2.Sale
3.Partnership
3.Partnership
4.Dacion
4.Option contract
Aleatory
Accessory Principal 1.Insurance
1.Collateral contracts (4) 1.Loan 2.Gambling
2.Guaranty 2.Sale
3.Suretyship 3.Barter Renumeratory
4.Lease 1.Employment
5.Partnership 2.Agency
6.Agency 3.Lease of services
4.Industrial partner
RFBT
Presumptions
Presumption
Presume - wag ka masyado magtiwala
Presume only if:
In Law - written
In Facts - if logical
Debtor not owner that has possession of the thing @ the time it was
damaged
ASSUMPTION: may negligence
Bailor – nagpahiram
Bailee – may possession, benefit
×Past Period
×Future Fraud
Automatic authority
1. Parents
2. Grandparents
3. Siblings of legal age
Entitlement = right, NOT ownership
Obli - Kay COA na @ the time of
CAN STAND ALONE! PERFECTION EXCEPT: Pure Obli –
kaparehas ng SALE
Sale @ PERFECTION
Obli -
PRINCIPAL Ordinary BEC NIC
+ + + When the time
Specific Diligence Accessory Accession to DELIVER
fruits arises
LOGIC: Para maiwasan
madelay, mawalan na
If generic – no req. diligence – kasi impossible ng interest sa NIC kasi
Genus nunquam peruit – generic thing never di na kanya yun
perishes
TEST: Accession:
ACCESSORY:
1. Particularly designated 1.Natural – x No human
1. Completion
– katangiang kanya lang intervention
2. Better use - convenience
2. Physically segregated 2.Industrial - Intervention
3. Embellishment - beautification
– nag -iisa 3.Civil - Contract
• In case of Inflation
-abrupt increase sa price
REQUISITES:
Persons reciprocally debtors and creditors of each other
Debt – sum of money/ same kind / same quality
EXCEPTION: Not all requisites are present pero gusto ng parties – meeting of minds (Conventional)
EXCEPTION: Not all requisites are present and no meeting of minds – Facultative compensation
1 party
Example: simple na due na & on or before
NOT susceptible of compensation: May RIGHT and OBLI na yung 1 party
1.Deposit
2.Commodatum
3. Support due by gratuitous title – UNLESS: may debtor creditor relationship
4. Obli arising from criminal offense
5. Certain obli in favor of government
BOTH must be VALID
Novation
“Akala mo patay na, buhay pa pala” 2 OBLIGATION: Old & New
Source of novation:
1.Sale – NIC+BEC example: mortgage and guarantor, lipat accessory to new credito
2.Obli – x x EXTINGUISH accessory
SUBROGATION CANNOT BE PRESUMED
EXCEPT:
1.Creditor pays another creditor who is more secured
Example: Unsecured creditor paid another creditor which has mortgage
The law allows creditors to secure themselves
- Binawasan ang kausap (creditors)
- Mas nagkasecurity si creditor – lilipat si accessory
2.Third person pays with express / tacit approval of debtor
3.Interested person pays without debtor’s knowledge
Example
1M 1M 1M
A B A B A C
w/ w/ w/ w/
C D
A 1M B
A 500T B Priority
nasa
A 1M
A 500T C loob ng
bahay D
A = 500
AProportion
= 1M
Annulment
- Applicable to VOIDABLE contracts (valid unless annuled)
Rescission / Cancellation
1. Rescissible contracts (lesion, defraud creditor, under litigation)
2. Valid contracts – “sa isang sitwasyon na ikaw na lang ang nakakapit,
pwede kang umalis” – Ikaw na lang good faith
- Recto law
- Unpaid seller of goods
- Sale with hidden defects
Ex. barter – ginamit laptop as paying (Negligence & Delay)
Fulfillment of resolutory condition &
Arrival of resolutory period
• Demandable at once
• Pag impossible yung event – VALID pa din
Prescription
• Oral loan – 6yrs fr maturity
• Written loan – 10yrs fr maturity
• Quasi delicts – 4yrs fr time of accident
• Quasi contract – 6yrs fr date of enrichment
• Warranty – fr delivery
• Life of checks – 6mos fr date of issuance
Death (personal obli) To do or not to do
Compromise
- Amicable settlement – kind of novation (real) – replace object
Physical
Impossibility of fulfillment Legal
Happening of fortuitous event
GEN Rule: Extinguished
EXCEPTION:
1.Stipulation
2.Nature of obli assumption of risk – Ex. insurance
3.Declared by law
1. Incurred delay, guilty of fraud, negligence / breach
2. Double sale
3. Generic
4. Arises from crime – para di ulitin yung act
5. Bailee in commodatum allowed 3rd person
RFBT
Tips
Bihirang tama yung all of the above/ none of the above